PAI-1 is induced specifically in renal tubular epithelial cells after obstructive injury. A and B, Western blot analyses show PAI-1 induction in the obstructed kidney at different time points after UUO. Representative Western blot (A) and quantitative data after normalization with GAPDH (B) are presented. The data are presented as the means ± S.E. of five animals (n = 5). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 versus sham controls. C and D, immunohistochemical staining shows the localization of PAI-1 protein in obstructive nephropathy. Kidney sections from sham (C) and UUO (D) were immunostained with antibody against PAI-1. The arrows indicate PAI-1-positive renal tubular epithelial cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.