. 2010 Feb 10;2010:493614. doi: 10.1155/2010/493614

Table 3.

Prokinetic effects of exogenous ghrelin in dyspeptic and/or gastroparetic patients. IDDM: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; GE: gastric emptying; GHRP-6: ghrelin secretagogue receptor 6 (non-synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist); GHS-R: growth hormone secretagogue receptor; h: hour; IV: intravenous; VAS: visual analogue scale.

Author	Subjects	Study design	Ghrelin type	Effective dose	Methods	Results
Tack J., [48]	Six dyspeptic patients (5F, 1M)	Cross-sectional	Ghrelin (Clinalfa, Switzerland)	40 μg IV over given 30 min at the start of the meal	(i) Assessment of GE rates for solids and liquids by the ¹⁴C octanoic acid and ¹³C glycin breath tests	Ghrelin accelerated GE for both liquids and solids, as well as meal-related symptom scores
Tack J., [48]	Six dyspeptic patients (5F, 1M)	Cross-sectional	Ghrelin (Clinalfa, Switzerland)	40 μg IV over given 30 min at the start of the meal	(ii) Assessment of the intensity of 6 meal-related symptoms

Murray C., [49]	Ten IDDM gastroparetic patients (5M, 5F)	Randomized, double blinded, cross-over	Synthetic human ghrelin (Bachem, UK)	5 pmol/Kg/min IV over 2 h	(i) Assessment of GE rate by real time ultrasonography	Ghrelin accelerated GE rate, but had no effect on patients' symptoms, despite impaired cardiovagal tone
Murray C., [49]	Ten IDDM gastroparetic patients (5M, 5F)	Randomized, double blinded, cross-over	Synthetic human ghrelin (Bachem, UK)	5 pmol/Kg/min IV over 2 h	(ii) Assessment of the symptoms by VAS

Binn M., [50]	Six gastroparetic patients (all F; 1 with truncal vagotomy)	Cross-sectional	Synthetic human ghrelin (Merck Biosciences, Switzerland)	20 μg/ml IV over 1 minute	Assessment of GE by C¹³-octanoic acid breath test	Ghrelin accelerated gastroparetic-induced delayed GE, even despite vagotomy

Bisschops R., [36]	Dyspeptic patients with delayed GE (n = 6)	No information	(i) Ghrelin	40 μg IV infusion over 30 min given 20 min at the start of the meal	(i) Assessment of GE by ¹⁴C octanoic acid and ¹³C glycin breath test	(i) Ghrelin accelerated GE of liquids significantly and of solids marginally
Bisschops R., [36]	Dyspeptic patients with delayed GE (n = 6)	No information	(ii) GHRP-6(Clinalfa, Switzerland)		(ii) Assessment of meal-related symptoms	(ii) Ghrelin decreased the cumulative meal-related symptom scores

Ejskjaer N., [51]	Diabetic patients with gastroparesis (5M, 5F)	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single dose, cross-over	TZP-101 (Tranzyme Pharma)	80, 160, 320 and 600 μg/Kg IV over 30 min after meal	Assessment of GE by scintigraphy	TZP-101 accelerated GE of both liquid and solid components of the meal; no significant effect on symptoms