Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationships between diploid Artemia parthenogenetica (A. parthenogenetica in the tree) and its sexual relatives A. urmiana, A. tibetiana, and Artemia sp. from Kazakhstan using COI sequences.

The topology inferred by Maximum Likelihood (ML) is shown. The Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree showed a very similar topology. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in a bootstrap test (1000 pseudo-replicates) is shown above (ML) and below (NJ) the branches. The sexual A. franciscana and A. sinica are used as outgroups. The schematic line drawing next to the ML tree represents a parthenogenetic Artemia female.