Table 4.

Net Effect of Booster Training on Proximal and Primary Outcomes^*

	Memory Training			Reasoning Training			Speed Training
		Showing Reliable Improvement, %‡			Showing Reliable Improvement, %‡			Showing Reliable Improvement, %‡		Control†
Measure	Net Effect Size (P Value)§	No Booster	Booster	Net Effect Size (P Value)§	No Booster	Booster	Net Effect Size (P Value)§	No Booster	Booster	Showing Reliable Improvement, %‡
Proximal Outcome Composites
Memory
A1	0.044	23	21	−0.043	13	9	−0.004	13	10	14
A2	0.060	39	40	−0.012	27	28	0.042	27	29	29
Reasoning
A1	−0.009	35	32	−0.304 (<.001)	49	72	0.125 (.003)	23	34	31
A2	−0.036	37	35	0.152 (<.001)	47	57	−0.039	33	28	35
Speed∥
A1	−0.03	37	33	−0.043	31	36	−0.919 (<.001)	68	92	32
A2	0.02	35	38	−0.065	33	36	−0.347 (<001)	65	79	37
Primary Outcome Composites
Everyday problem solving
A1	−0.007	18	20	0.001	24	23	0.019	21	20	21
A2	−0.033	19	23	−0.037	25	25	−0.06	27	25	23
ADL and IADL functioning∥
A1	−0.088	17	17	−0.206	17	19	−0.246 (.04)	13	16	16
A2	0.096	18	16	−0.196	15	17	−0.217	18	18	17
Everyday speed∥
A1	0.041	31	30	−0.068	26	29	−0.149 (.01)	28	34	30
A2	−0.033	33	33	−0.019	26	30	−0.091	27	33	29
Driving habits∥¶
A1	−0.082	14	23	−0.059	19	19	0.088	16	15	19
A2	−0.025	14	18	−0.052	14	17	−0.055	14	18	18

^*Only significant P values reported. A1 indicates first annual evaluation; A2, second annual evaluation; ADL, activities of daily living; and IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.

^†Net effect of the control is 0 at all time points, since net effect of group is deflned as (group mean–control mean at time point)–(group mean–control mean at baseline).

^‡Net difference divided by intrasubject SD (see “Methods” section).

^§Calculated as the percentage of participants in each group who were ≥1 SEM above baseline.

^∥Favorable response is in the negative direction.

^¶For self-reported drivers only.