Table 2. Potential effects of the different mechanisms of insecticide resistance (IR) on vector longevity, competence and behaviour, and expected effects on the parasite's R 0.
| Pleiotropic Effects of Insecticide Resistance | Mechanisms Concerned | Traits Affected | Effect on R 0 |
| Vector longevity | |||
| IR trades off with resources needed to insure longevity | EST, GST, MOX | Decreased longevity (1/g) | Negative |
| IR increases oxidative stress | MOX, EST | Decreased longevity (1/g) | Negative |
| IR protects against oxidative stress | GST | Increased longevity (1/g) | Positive |
| Vector competence | |||
| IR renders the vector toxic for the parasite | EST, MOX | Decreased probability of infection (c), decreased parasite growth and development (b) | Negative |
| IR blocks the immune response | GST | Increased probability of infection (c), increased parasite growth and development (b) | Positive |
| IR stimulates the immune response | EST | Decreased probability of infection (c), decreased parasite growth and development (b) | Negative |
| IR trades off with resources needed to insure immunity | EST, GST, MOX | Increased probability of infection (c), increased parasite growth and development (b) | Positive |
| IR trades off with resources needed for parasite development | EST, GST, MOX | Decreased parasite growth and development (b), increased parasite incubation time (n) | Negative |
| Vector behaviour | |||
| IR alters the functioning of the nervous system | AChE, GABA, SCH | Hyperactive or sluggish vector: decreased or increased biting rate of the focal host (a) | Positive/Negative |
| IR trades off with resources needed for vector mobility | EST, GST, MOX | Sluggish vector: decreased biting rate of the focal host (a) | Negative |
| IR switches feeding preferences away from blood | EST, GST, MOX | Decreased biting rate of the focal host (a) | Negative |
See Table 1 for acronyms.