Fig. 1.

The Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. (Key: AP1, activator protein 1; HSP-60, heat shock protein 60; IκB, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB; IKKα, inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B kinase α; IKKβ, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase-β; IKKε, inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B kinase ε; IKKγ, inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B kinase γ; IRAK1, interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1; IRAK4, interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4; IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3; IRF5, interferon regulatory factor 5; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; RIP1, receptor-interacting protein 1; TAB1, TAK1 - binding protein 1; TAB2-TAB3, TAK1-binding proteins 2 and 3; TAK1 (M3K7), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1; TBK1, serine-threonine-protein kinase; TIRAP, TIR domain-containing adaptor protein; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule; TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon β; Ub, ubiquitin; UB2V1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1; UBE2N, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N (Reproduced with permission from Frantz, S., Ertl, G., & Bauersachs, J. Mechanisms of disease: Toll-like receptors in cardiovascular disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 4, 444–454, 2007).