Table 1.
Comparison of cognitive, posture, balance and sensorimotor status of AD and CG.
| Variables | AD | (Range) | CG | (Range) | p – value corrected | Effect strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] | 71.69 ± 1.15 | (65–84) | 71.66 ± 1.13 | (61–94) | 0.859 | |
| Female [%] | 79.17 | 78.94 | 0.961 | |||
| Education level [school years] | 9.88 ± 0.45 | (7–13) | 10.16 ± 0.33 | (6–13) | 0.603 | |
| Everyday competence (ECQ) | 10.71 ± 0.36 | (7.56–13.85) | 8.43 ± 0.34 | (5.04–12.59) | ≤0.001 | 1.21 |
| COGNITION | ||||||
| RSPM1 | 19.55 ± 0.69 | (14–26.5) | 15.39 ± 0.83 | (7–28) | 0.015 | 0.97 |
| Geriatric concentration test (AKT) | 54.29 ± 0.13 | (52.67–55) | 53.49 ± 0.29 | (47–55) | 0.590 | 0.59 |
| REACTION TIMES | ||||||
| Multiple-choice reaction times [ms], L | 690.93 ± 20.73 | (503.35–933.41) | 780.30 ± 19.39 | (581.01–1081.17) | 0.017 | 0.90 |
| Multiple-choice reaction times [ms], R | 677.52 ± 17.89 | (518.55–868.24) | 760.32 ± 18.01 | (580.51–1012.44) | 0.039 | 0.83 |
| POSTURE&BALANCE | ||||||
| Romberg test [s], eyes open | 35.14 ± 3.71 | (12–60) | 25.29 ± 4.40 | (7.22–60) | 1.0 | 0.69 |
| Romberg test [s], eyes closed | 16.78 ± 2.38 | (5.35–32) | 14.44 ± 4.33 | (2–42) | 1.0 | 0.20 |
| Standing-turn [steps] | 4.41 ± 0.10 | (4–5) | 5.64 ± 0.47 | (3–8) | 0.027 | 1.31 |
| Standing-turn [s] | 2.39 ± 0.20 | (1.42–4.30) | 3.21 ± 0.33 | (1.77–5.09) | 0.460 | 0.88 |
| Up&go [s] | 6.09 ± 0.24 | (4.48–8) | 7.42 ± 0.25 | (5.54–8.54) | 0.013 | 1.46 |
| MOTOR PERFORMANCE | ||||||
| Hand-arm steadiness | ||||||
| Steadiness [error], L | 1.57 ± 0.86 | (0–9) | 15.82 ± 2.49 | (0–54) | 0.016 | 1.29 |
| Steadiness [error], R | 3.14 ± 1.04 | (0–12) | 13.08 ± 2.72 | (0–71) | 0.442 | 0.82 |
| Control Precision | ||||||
| Aiming [error], L | 1.50 ± 0.43 | (0–6) | 1.00 ± 0.26 | (0–5) | 1.0 | 0.31 |
| Aiming [error], R | 0.14 ± 0.10 | (0–1) | 1.87 ± 0.27 | (0–6) | 0.005 | 1.42 |
| Aiming [s], L | 10.01 ± 0.96 | (0.01–15.84) | 11.18 ± 0.40 | (7.19–18.37) | 1.0 | 0.38 |
| Aiming [s], R | 9.48 ± 0.50 | (6.66–13.74) | 10.66 ± 0.28 | (7.96–17.11) | 0.470 | 0.66 |
| Pin plugging [s], L | 45.85 ± 1.79 | (37.48–63.76) | 48.84 ± 0.89 | (37.64–62.45) | 1.0 | 0.49 |
| Pin plugging [s], R | 43.64 ± 1.25 | (38.06–52.98) | 48.31 ± 1.12 | (37–64.64) | 0.305 | 0.79 |
| Rate of wrist movement | ||||||
| Tapping [hits], L | 174.75 ± 3.85 | (138–202) | 154.63 ± 3.55 | (102–207) | 0.006 | 0.99 |
| Tapping [hits], R | 191.58 ± 3.52 | (153–212) | 180.13 ± 3.97 | (107–230) | 0.652 | 0.54 |
| TACTILE PERFORMANCE | ||||||
| Touch threshold [mN], LID | 0.21 ± 0.01 | (0.15–0.31) | 0.22 ± 0.02 | (0.08–0.54) | 1.0 | 0.19 |
| Touch threshold [mN], RID | 0.27 ± 0.02 | (0.20–0.39) | 0.34 ± 0.04 | (0.08–0.94) | 1.0 | 0.45 |
| 2-Point-discrimination-threshold [mm], LID | 2.90 ± 0.07 | (2.26–3.30) | 3.45 ± 0.09 | (2.20–4.64) | 0.003 | 1.30 |
| 2-Point-discrimination-threshold [mm], RID | 3.15 ± 0.07 | (2.77–3.61) | 3.59 ± 0.07 | (2.89–4.58) | 0.002 | 1.28 |
AD, amateur dancer; CG, control group; L, left hand; R, right hand; LID, left index finger; RID, right index finger. Values are means, SEM. 1Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, subset of 30 items.