After Benjamini-Hochberg correction, 119 significant differentials between Matrigel alone and Matrigel with microstructures after 10 days of culture were present. A. Heatmap illustrating the expression levels of hMSCs in 3D Matrigel culture with (Day 10, 3D gel + microstructures) or without microstructures (Day 10, 3D gel) versus in 2D flat culture for 2 days (Day 2, 2D) or 7 days (Day 7, 2D)[26] for the 119 significantly different genes (pooling of 4 independent cultures from 1 human sample, 3 microarray chips per experimental condition). B. qPCR confirmation. The direction of expression levels obtained by qPCR agree with those of the microarray with statistical significance for 3 of 5 genes selected and trends for agreement for the other two genes (n=3–4 experiments, 2 human samples, * p<0.05). C. qPCR of genes corresponding to functional groups “skeletal development” (COL1a1 and BMP6), “contractile fiber” (ANKRD1) and “regulation of neurogenesis” (NPTN). Expression levels of hMSCs in 3D gel with microstructures (black bars) relative to 3D gel (open white bars). (n=3–4 experiments, 2 human samples, * p<0.05). D. Schematic illustrating the likely inverse relationship between proliferation and differentiation.