Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios for breast cancer and cleaning product use stratified by disease causation beliefs
| Beliefs about environmental chemicals/pollutants and breast cancer | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contributes "a lot" | Does not contribute "a lot" | |||||||||
| Product category | Cases (no.) | Controls (no.) | Adj. OR | 95% CI | P trend | Cases (no.) | Controls (no.) | Adj. OR | 95% CI | P trend |
| Combined cleaning product use | ||||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 39 | 55 | 1.0 | Ref. | 52 | 44 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Quartile 2 | 58 | 69 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.4 | 42 | 38 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.8 | ||
| Quartile 3 | 71 | 74 | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.8 | 41 | 51 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 | ||
| Quartile 4 | 77 | 47 | 3.2 | 1.8, 5.9 | 0.0001 | 27 | 23 | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.6 | 0.96 |
| Combined air freshener use (sprays and solids) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 34 | 43 | 1.0 | Ref. | 40 | 34 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Quartile 2 | 67 | 71 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.4 | 46 | 46 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.7 | ||
| Quartile 3 | 76 | 86 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.2 | 47 | 52 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.6 | ||
| Quartile 4 | 69 | 46 | 2.4 | 1.3, 4.5 | 0.01 | 32 | 25 | 1.4 | 0.7, 3.0 | 0.53 |
| Air freshener spray | ||||||||||
| Never use | 44 | 50 | 1.0 | Ref. | 46 | 45 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Any use | 203 | 196 | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.1 | 119 | 112 | 1.2 | 0.7, 2.0 | ||
| < Once a month | 50 | 57 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 | 33 | 31 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.2 | ||
| Monthly | 32 | 32 | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.3 | 15 | 9 | 1.9 | 0.7, 5.0 | ||
| Weekly | 71 | 62 | 1.5 | 0.8, 2.6 | 43 | 48 | 1.0 | 0.6, 2.0 | ||
| Daily | 50 | 45 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.7 | 0.12 | 28 | 24 | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.6 | 0.66 |
| Solid air freshener | ||||||||||
| Never use | 144 | 174 | 1.0 | Ref. | 115 | 114 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Any use | 102 | 72 | 1.9 | 1.3, 2.9 | 51 | 43 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.3 | ||
| < 2/year | 27 | 28 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.3 | 23 | 13 | 1.9 | 0.9, 4.1 | ||
| 2-6/year | 58 | 32 | 2.6 | 1.6, 4.4 | 19 | 26 | 0.9 | 0.4, 1.8 | ||
| ≥ 7/year | 17 | 12 | 1.7 | 0.8, 3.9 | 0.0007 | 9 | 4 | 2.8 | 0.8, 10.2 | 0.31 |
| Oven cleaner | ||||||||||
| Never use | 11 | 19 | 1.0 | Ref. | 22 | 14 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Any use | 236 | 227 | 1.8 | 0.8, 4.0 | 143 | 143 | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.2 | ||
| < 2/year | 96 | 86 | 2.0 | 0.9, 4.6 | 49 | 57 | 0.4 | 0.1, 1.3 | ||
| 2-6/year | 112 | 121 | 1.5 | 0.6, 34 | 87 | 75 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.5 | ||
| ≥ 7/year | 28 | 20 | 2.4 | 0.9, 6.5 | 0.58 | 7 | 11 | 0.4 | 0.1, 1.3 | 0.73 |
| Surface cleaner | ||||||||||
| Never use | 29 | 36 | 1.0 | Ref. | 24 | 18 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Any use | 218 | 209 | 1.5 | 0.9,2.7 | 141 | 139 | 0.7 | 0.4,1.5 | ||
| < Once a month | 23 | 30 | 0.9 | 0.4, 1.9 | 38 | 30 | 0.9 | 0.4, 2.0 | ||
| Monthly | 39 | 36 | 1.5 | 0.7, 3.1 | 18 | 21 | 0.6 | 0.2, 1.4 | ||
| Weekly | 120 | 103 | 1.7 | 1.0, 3.0 | 66 | 68 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.5 | ||
| Daily | 36 | 40 | 1.7 | 0.8, 3.6 | 0.02 | 19 | 20 | 0.8 | 0.3, 2.1 | 0.45 |
| Mold/mildew control | ||||||||||
| Never use | 166 | 197 | 1.0 | Ref. | 130 | 125 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Any use | 80 | 49 | 2.1 | 1.4, 3.3 | 34 | 32 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 | ||
| Mold/mildew control with bleach | ||||||||||
| Never use | 179 | 202 | 1.0 | Ref. | 141 | 132 | 1.0 | Ref. | ||
| Any use | 67 | 44 | 1.8 | 1.2, 2.9 | 23 | 24 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.0 | ||
| < Once a month | 33 | 25 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.5 | 14 | 13 | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.4 | ||
| Monthly | 10 | 7 | 1.8 | 0.6, 5.1 | 4 | 4 | 1.1 | 0.3, 4.7 | ||
| ≥ Weekly | 24 | 12 | 3.2 | 1.4, 7.1 | 0.002 | 5 | 7 | 0.8 | 0.2, 2.7 | 0.83 |
Odds ratios are adjusted for age at diagnosis/reference year, birth decade (six categories), previous breast cancer diagnosis, family history of breast cancer, age at first live or still birth (< 30, ≥ 30/nulliparous), education (five categories). "Combined cleaning product use" product category combines frequency of use across five product categories: air freshener spray, solid air freshener, oven cleaner, surface cleaner, and mold/mildew control with bleach.