. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010 Oct;41(5):479–489. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0184-3

Table 2.

Symptom frequency in clinically-referred versus typically-developing groups.

Number (%) of children with…	Clinically-Referred (Mania symptoms) (n=19)	Typically Developing (n= 12)	p^d
Mood symptoms (periods of…)^a
Elated/expansive mood	16 (84%)	2 (17%)	<0.001
Irritable mood	17 (89%)	1 (8%)	<0.001
Depressed mood	4 (21%)	0	0.139
Associated symptoms^b
Grandiosity	13 (68%)	0	<0.001
Decreased need for sleep	7 (37%)	0	0.026
Increased amount of speech, or pressured	17 (90%)	0	<0.001
Flight of ideas or racing Thoughts	16 (84%)	0	<0.001
Increased distractibility	15 (79%)	1 (8%)	<0.001
Increased goal-directed behavior or agitation	11 (58%)	1 (8%)	0.008
Increased involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for painful consequences^c	11 (58%)	0	0.001

No duration criterion was included; children were considered positive if they scored at least 2 on the PAPA and/or 3 on the WASH-U-KSADS.

Occurring during periods of mood symptoms.

Symptoms: hypersexuality, or dangerous running, jumping, climbing.

p-values based on Fisher’s exact test.