FIG. 9.

Cytoplasmic detection of viral RNA late in infection. (A) eIF2α activation. A549 cells were infected with TBEV strain Hypr for 24 h and then assayed by Western blot analysis using antisera recognizing phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α), eIF2α, TBEV E, or actin as a control. (B and C) Real-time RT-PCR assay. MEF cells expressing or lacking one or both genomic copies of the IPS-1 gene were infected with Hypr at an MOI of 1, and total cell RNA was extracted at 24 h p.i. Mock infections were performed in parallel as controls. IFN-β mRNA levels (B) and TBEV RNA levels (C) were quantified by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Mean values and standard deviations from three independent experiments are shown.