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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Aug 10.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Apr 7;230(2):187–196. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.018

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Earliest human atherosclerotic fibro-fatty plaques and lipid streaks; iNOS and 4-HNE staining. Hematoxylin and eosin stain of aortic arch from 23 year old male (A) shows stage 3 fibro-fatty plaque above internal elastin lamina (iel); proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and infiltrating inflammatory macrophages (foam cells) are evident. Immunostain for iNOS of similar stage 3 plaque (B) shows marked positivity in inflammatory cells, proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells overlying the plaque (arrow). Stage 2 atherosclerotic plaque, or lipid streak (C) from 19 year old male shows no staining for iNOS in foam cells (arrows). Immunostain for 4-HNE (D) shows minimal staining in stage 3 fibro-fatty plaque similar to those shown in A and B. Normal aortic wall at slightly higher power (E+F) in area approx 1–2 mm from a stage 3 plaque shows essentially negative staining for iNOS (E) and 4-HNE (F) in endothelial cells, subendothelial area, or VSMC. Sections (4 μm) were immunostained for 4-HNE and iNOS with goat anti-HNE antiserum (Alpha Diagnostic, San Antonio, TX), and rabbit anti-iNOS polyclonal antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). See Methods for details.