Table 1.
Characteristics at initial evaluation at an HIV clinic in Lusaka, Zambia, by year of enrollment
| First Year N (%) |
Second Year N (%) |
Third Year N (%) |
Fourth Year N (%) |
p-trenda | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All children | n = 206 | n = 146 | n = 114 | n = 122 | |
| Age (yrs): Median (IQR) | 6.9 (3.4, 10.0) | 5.9 (2.5, 9.4) | 5.6 (2.5, 9.1) | 5.5 (1.8, 10.3) | 0.12 |
| < 1 | 12 (5.8) | 4 (2.7) | 5 (4.4) | 13 (10.7) | 0.14 |
| 1-1.9 | 25 (12.1) | 23 (15.8) | 17 (14.9) | 20 (16.4) | |
| 2-4.9 | 45 (21.8) | 34 (23.3) | 30 (26.3) | 21 (17.2) | |
| 5-9.9 | 70 (34.0) | 57 (39.0) | 38 (33.3) | 37 (30.3) | |
| ≥ 10 | 54 (26.2) | 28 (19.2) | 24 (21.1) | 31 (25.4) | |
| Male sex | 111 (54.2) | 74 (50.7) | 56 (49.6) | 64 (52.9) | 0.71 |
| Resides in Matero Township | 66 (32.2) | 51 (35.2) | 38 (33.3) | 40 (33.1) | 0.90 |
| HIV-infected children | n = 199 | n = 140 | n = 109 | n = 114 | |
| Age (yrs): Median (IQR) | 7.1 (3.6, 10.2) | 6.4 (2.9, 9.6) | 6.0 (3.1, 9.5) | 6.1 (2.2, 10.5) | 0.24 |
| Male sex | 107 (54.0) | 72 (51.4) | 55 (50.9) | 61 (53.5) | 0.84 |
| Self-reported history of tuberculosis | 81 (42.4) | 37 (26.6) | 32 (30.8) | 22 (20.8) | 0.0003 |
| Missing | 8 (4.0) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (4.6) | 8 (7.0) | |
| WAZ: Median (IQR) | -2.0 (-3.1, -1.0) | -2.5 (-3.8, -1.8) | -1.9 (-3.1, -1.0) | -2.7 (-4.1, -1.5) | |
| Underweight | 70 (49.7) | 75 (70.1) | 38 (48.1) | 44 (62.0) | 0.34 |
| Missing | 58 (29.1) | 33 (23.6) | 30 (27.5) | 43 (37.7) | |
| WHO stage | |||||
| 1 | 34 (17.3) | 7 (5.0) | 10 (9.2) | 14 (12.3) | <0.0001 |
| 2 | 82 (41.6) | 23 (16.6) | 22 (20.2) | 19 (16.7) | |
| 3 or 4 | 81 (41.1) | 109 (78.4) | 77 (70.6) | 81 (71.1) | |
| Missing | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| CD4%: Median (IQR) | 11.9 (5.8, 17.5) | 13.3 (6.9, 19.4) | 13.2 (8.3, 18.8) | 15.1 (9.1, 21.9) | 0.001 |
| Missing | 24 (12.1) | 13 (9.3) | 4 (3.7) | 4 (3.5) | |
| Severe immunodeficiencyb | 120 (66.3) | 75 (59.1) | 66 (62.9) | 64 (58.2) | 0.22 |
| CD4 count (cells/mm3): Median (IQR) | 356 (132, 603) | 328 (135, 531) | 439 (214, 611) | 429 (209, 766) | 0.004 |
| Missing | 19 (9.5) | 13 (9.3) | 4 (3.7) | 4 (3.7) | |
| Eligible for ARTc | 146 (73.4) | 122 (87.1) | 92 (84.4) | 95 (83.3) | 0.02 |
IQR: interquartile range; WAZ: Weight-for-age z-score (only for children younger than 10 years); WHO: World Health Organization; ART: antiretroviral therapy.
a p-trend calculated from Mantel-Haenszel χ2 for categorical variables and Cuzick's non-parametric test for trend for continuous variables.
b severe immunodeficiency defined by age according to the 2006 World Health Organization guidelines.
c determined retrospectively based on the WHO guidelines in effect at the time of the initial evaluation