Table 1.
Studies reporting decreased cortical GAD67 expression
| Study | GAD67 | Cortical area | Method | Findings | Brain bank (cohort size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akbarian et al. [90] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9) | In situ hybridization | 30%–50% decrease in number of expressing cells across layers I–VI |
University of California (CON: 10, SCH: 10) |
| Impagnatiello et al. [55] |
Protein | STG (BA22) | Western blot analysis |
70% decrease | National Neurological Research Specimen Bank; Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center (CON: 8, SCH: 8) |
| Volk et al. [91] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9) | In situ hybridization | 25%–35% decrease in number of expressing cells across layers III–V; normal expression levels in labeled cells |
University of Pittsburgh (CON: 10, SCH: 10) |
| Guidotti et al. [92] | mRNA; protein |
DLPFC (BA9) | Quantitative PCR; Western blot analysis |
50% and 68% decrease in protein and mRNA levels, respectively |
Stanley Foundation Brain Bank (CON: 15, SCH: 15 for protein, CON6, SCH:6 for mRNA) |
| Mimics et al. [93] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9) | DNA microarray | 20%–70% decrease in mRNA levels across subject pairs |
University of Pittsburgh (CON: 6, SCH: 6) |
| Vawter et al. [94] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9/46) | DNA microarray | Decreased mRNA levels | National Institute of Mental Health (CON: 15, SCH: 15) |
| Woo et al. [54] | mRNA | ACC (BA24) | In situ hybridization | 53% and 23% decrease in number of expressing cells in layers II and V, respectively |
Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center (CON: 17, SCH: 17) |
| Hashimoto et al. [95] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9) | In situ hybridization | 24% and 28% decrease in mRNA levels in 2 separate cohorts |
University of Pittsburgh (CON: 27, SCH: 27) |
| Straub et al. [58] | mRNA; protein |
DLPFC | Real time PCR; Western blot analysis |
16% decrease in mRNA levels; no difference in protein levels |
National Institute of Mental Health (CON: 67, SCH: 32 for mRNA; CON: 27, SCH: 26 for protein) |
| Huang et al. [59] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA10) | Real time PCR | Significant decrease only in females | University of California; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (CON: 12, SCH: 12 for female; CON: 24, SCH: 24 for male) |
| Woo et al. [96] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9) | In situ hybridization | 27%–36% decrease in number of expressing cells across layers II–V |
Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center (CON: 20, SCH: 20) |
| Hashimoto et al. [97] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9) | DNA microarray; Real time PCR |
25% decrease by DNA microarray; 12% decrease by real time PCR |
University of Pittsburgh (CON: 14, SCH: 14) |
| Hashimoto et al. [52••] |
mRNA | DLPFC (BA9); ACC (BA24); M1 (BA4); V1 (BA17) |
Real time PCR | 28%, 21%, 28%, and 32% decrease in BA9, BA24, BA4, and BA17, respectively |
University of Pittsburgh (CON: 12, SCH: 12) |
| Thompson et al. [53] | mRNA | OFC (BA45); ACC (BA24); STG (BA22) |
In situ hybridization | 26%–30% decrease across layers II–V of BA45; 22% decrease in layer V of BA24; 22% decrease in layer IV of BA22 |
Stanley Foundation Brain Bank (CON: 15, SCH: 14) |
| Duncan et al. [84] | mRNA | DLPFC (BA9/46) | Real time PCR | 17% decrease | New South Wales Tissue Resource Centre (CON: 37, SCH:37) |
ACC anterior cingulate cortex; BA Brodmann area; CON Non-psychiatry control subjects; DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GAD67 g lutamic acid decarboxylase67; M1 primary motor cortex; OFC orbitofrontal cortex; PCR polymerase chain reaction; SCH subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder; STG superior temporal gyrus; V1 primary visual cortex