Table 1.

Studies examining the emission of radiation for pedicle screw insertion

Study	Study design	Materials and methods	Results/conclusion
Rampersaud et al. [19]	In vitro study on cadavers, dorsal spondylodesis	Badge measurement and TLD	Highest dose ipsilateral on the side of the beamer (53.3 mREM), spine surgeons receive greater radiation than others
Jones et al. [10]	140 patients with fusion of lumbar spine	Digital dosimeter for skin (patient) and scatter (surgeon) radiation	Duration of radiation: 1.4 minutes per case; recommendation for source-superior position of C-arm
Perisinakis et al. [18]	20 cases with dorsal spondylodesis analyzed regarding duration of radiation and position of fluoroscope	RANDO-Phantom with TLD	Effective doses: AP beam: 3.31 mS Lateral beam: 1.22 mS

TLD = thermoluminescence dosimeter.