Table 4.

Literature comparison of effective dose for pedicle screw insertions using phantom measurements based on clinical observations of real operations

Study	Examined technique	Fluorotime for conventional technique	Effective doses
Slomczykowski et al. [24]	Conventional fluoroscopy for lumbar spinal fusion; Sequential CT for CT-based navigation; Spiral CT optimized; Sequential CT optimized	63 seconds per screw	1. 1.0 mSv 2. 4.1 mSv 3. 3.0 mSv 4. 2.4 mSv
Perisinakis et al. [18]	Gender-averaged effective dose for pedicle screw internal fixation	1.2 minutes AP and 2.1 minutes lateral view per procedure (4.8 screws)	1.5 mSv
Jones et al. [10]	Recording of entry and scatter doses, review of records for fluoroscopy time, estimation of effective dose	1.4 minutes per case (lumbar spine)	Source-superior position: 2.3 mSv Source-inferior position: 6.9 mSv
Current study	Conventional fluoroscopy for lumbar spinal fusion; 3-D navigated procedure; 3-D navigated SI screw; Conventional SI screw	105 seconds per procedure (4 screws)	1. 5.03 mSv 2. 0.4 mSv 3. 0.51 mSv 4. 2.5 mSv

SI = sacroiliac.