Table 9.

Studies examining emission of radiation for conventional SI screw insertions

Study	Study design	Materials and methods	Results/conclusion
Schep et al. [23]	48 nonnavigated versus 48 navigated screws	Comparison of radiation time	Navigation: 0.7 minutes Conventional: 1.8 minutes
Zwingmann et al. [29]	Comparison navigated versus nonnavigated operations	26 navigated versus 35 conventional screws	Navigation: 63 seconds Conventional: 141 seconds
Hilgert et al. [7]	Measuring radiation time for conventional screw insertion	24 screws	Conventional: 1.6 minutes per screw
Current study	20 clinical 3-D-navigated cases and literature review	20 navigated versus conventional approach (literature)	3-D–navigated effective dose: 0.51 mSv Conventional: 2.5 mSv