Table 1. Association between OPMD and sociodemographic indicators, habits and nutritional factors in Phase 1 study.
| Characteristics | Case (OPMD), n (%) | Control, n (%) | Crude OR (±95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (±95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 33 (32.7) | 495 (68.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Male | 68 (67.3) | 233 (32.0) | 4.4 (2.8–6.8) | 2.1 (1.0–4.4) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 30–39 | 21 (9.8) | 194 (90.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 40–49 | 28 (13.2) | 184 (86.8) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) |
| 50–59 | 33 (17.2) | 159 (82.8) | 1.9 (1.06–3.4) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) |
| ⩽60 | 19 (9.0) | 191 (91.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| High | 3 (3.0) | 98 (97.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Middle | 22 (9.6) | 206 (90.4) | 3.5 (1.0–11.9) | 3.3 (0.7–15.6) |
| Low | 76 (15.2) | 424 (84.8) | 5.8 (1.8–18.9) | 3.0 (0.6–14.3) |
| BMI (continuous) | — | — | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.97 (0.9–1.0) |
| β-Carotene-containing total fruit and vegetable (continuous) | — | — | 0.8 (0.6–0.99) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Betel chewing | ||||
| Never | 4 (4.0) | 277 (38.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Past and occasionally | 5 (5.0) | 119 (16.3) | 2.9 (0.7–11.0) | 2.2 (0.6–8.7) |
| Daily | 92 (91.1) | 332 (45.6) | 19.2 (6.9–52.9) | 10.1 (3.4–29.7) |
| Frequency of chewing (quid per day) b | ||||
| No chewing | 4 (1.4) | 277 (98.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ⩽3 | 7 (5.3) | 125 (94.7) | 3.5 (1.1–11.3) | 2.5 (0.7–8.7) |
| >3 | 85 (29.1) | 207 (70.9) | 27.3 (9.9–75.6) | 16.2 (5.3–48.7) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| No drinking | 39 (38.6) | 551 (75.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Past, occasional | 27 (19.1) | 114 (80.9) | 3.3 (1.9–5.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) |
| Monthly, weekly and daily | 35 (35.7) | 63 (64.3) | 7.8 (4.6–13.3) | 2.7 (1.2–6.3) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 66 (65.3) | 601 (82.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Ever | 35 (34.7) | 127 (17.4) | 2.4 (1.6–3.9) | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) |
| Total | 101 (100) | 728 (100) | ||
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; OPMD=oral potentially malignant disorder; OR=odds ratio.
a
OR adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, β-carotene-containing fruits and vegetable portion, BMI, smoking, betel chewing and alcohol drinking.
b
The sum does not add to the total because past and occasional chewers were excluded from the analysis.