Table 5.

BPA levels in human tissues and fluids during pregnancy and lactation.

Reference	Detection method	LOD (ng/mL)	Sample size	End point(s)	Study population	BPA level [ng/mL (ppb), mean ± SE]
Ikezuki et al. 2002	ELISA	0.3	32	Early amniotic fluid (15–18 weeks)	Pregnant Japanese women	8.3 ± 1.573
			38	Late amniotic fluid (at full term, before delivery)	Pregnant Japanese women undergoing cesarian section	1.1 ± 0.162
			36	Follicular fluid	Japanese women undergoing IVF procedures	2.4 ± 0.133
Schönfelder et al. 2002	Derivatization-GC-MS	0.01	37	Placenta	German women at delivery	11.2 ± 1.512 ng/g
Todaka and Mori 2002	GC-MS	NR	NR	Umbilical cord tissue at birth	Samples collected in Japan	Mean, 4.4 ± 1.5 ng/g; range, 0.11–15.2 ng/g
Yamada et al. 2002	ELISA	0.5	200	Normal fetal amniotic fluid (14–18 weeks)	Pregnant Japanese women	Median, 0.26; range, ND–5.62
			48	Abnormal fetal karyotype fetal amniotic fluid (14–18 weeks)	Pregnant Japanese women	Median, 0
Otaka et al. 2003	SPE-GC-MS	0.09	3	Breast milk	Japanese women	Range, ND–0.70 ng/g
Sun et al. 2004	DIB-Cl derivatization-HPLC	0.11	23	Breast milk	Japanese women	0.61 ± 0.042
Engel et al. 2006	HPLC-electrochemical detection	0.5	21	Residual amniotic fluid from amniocentesis, < 20 weeks’ gestation	American women > 35 years of age	Mean, 0.55 (10% > 0.5 ng/mL)
Ye et al. 2006	Online SPE-HPLC-MS/MS	0.28	20	Breast milk	American women	Unconjugated BPA: mean, 1.3; 60% detection Total BPA: mean, 1.9; 90% detection
Kuruto-Niwa et al. 2007	ELISA	0.3	101	Human colostrum	Japanese women 3 days after delivery	3.41 ± 0.013
Ye et al. 2008a	Online SPE-HPLC-MS/MS	0.3	4	Breast milk	American women	Unconjugated BPA: mean, 0.80 Total BPA: mean, 1.02
Kaddar et al. 2009	RIA	0.08	17	Follicular fluid	French women undergoing IVF procedures	Range, ND–1.0; 39% detection

Abbreviations: DIB-Cl, 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride; ND, not detected; SPE, solid-phase extraction.