Table 5.

Potential impact of physical activity on all-cause mortality in various reviews^a and cohort studies.

Source	Definition of physical activity	Relative riskb	Comments
Reviews
Lee and Skerrett 2001	Meeting moderate physical activity recommendation (1,000 kcal/week)	0.70–0.80	Review, excluding papers examining only two levels of physical activity
Kesaniemi et al. 2001	Expending of 1,000 kcal/week	0.70	Based on a symposium; invited experts reviewed the existing literature
Bauman 2004	Meeting physical activity recommendation	0.70	Review of peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2003
Bucksch and Schlicht 2006	Different definitions of physical activity	0.70–0.87 (moderate) 0.46–0.92 (vigorous)	Review
Warburton et al. 2006	Meeting physical activity recommendation	0.65–0.80	Review
Vogel et al. 2009	Different definitions including moderate exercise (4,100–7,908 kJ/week), vigorous exercise, and different distances walked	0.50–0.77	Review of adult cohort studies with a mean > 60 years of age
Studies on cycling
Andersen et al. 2000	Cycling to work for 3 hr/week	0.55–0.72	Based on a Danish cohort, adjusted for leisure time physical activity (among others)
Hu et al. 2004	Walking and cycling to work	0.71–0.79	Based on a Finnish cohort study among subjects with type 2 diabetes; estimates without adjusting for other domains in physical activity
Matthews et al. 2007	Cycling to work (MET-hours/day)	0.66–0.79	Based on a Chinese women cohort in Shanghai, adjusted for other physical activity
Overall summary		0.50–0.90

^aReviews used are often overlapping (reviewing the same evidence).

^bComparing physically active with physically less active.