Table 3.
| Non-compliance with Tobacco Master Settlement Agreeement: Predicting the number of unauthorized tobacco billboards and transit shelter/bench ads | ||
|---|---|---|
| Los Angeles | Louisiana | |
| Intercept | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) |
0.14 (−0.37, 1.05) |
| Minority | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) |
0.11 (−0.13, 0.42) |
| Low income | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) |
−0.11 (−0.31, 0.15) |
| High youth population | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) |
−0.06 (−0.24, 0.17) |
| High population density |
−0.04* (−0.07, 0.00) |
0.21 (−0.11, 0.63) |
| Number of parks | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) |
0.01 (−0.07, 0.10) |
| Number of schools | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) |
0.00 (−0.07, 0.08) |
| Number of places of worship | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) |
−0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) |
| Number of major roadway miles | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) |
0.04*** (−0.03, 0.12) |
| Number of neighborhood streets | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) |
0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) |
| Any freeway | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) |
−0.03 (−0.23, 0.23) |
| Amount of variance accounted for by city | 0.00 | 0.55 |
| Non-compliance with the Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA) Code of Principles Predicting the number of alcohol and tobacco ads within 500 feet of schools, parks, and churches | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Los Angeles | Louisiana | |||
| Billboards | Small Ads | Billboards | Small Ads | |
| Intercept | −0.13 (−0.41, 0.29) |
0.04 (−0.26, 0.46) |
0.29 (−0.24, 1.18) |
0.19 (−0.15, 0.67) |
| Minority | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.13) |
−0.07 (−0.27, 0.19) |
0.01 (−0.16, 0.22) |
−0.04 (−0.15, 0.09) |
| Low income |
0.39** (0.11, 0.73) |
0.10 (−0.10, 0.33) |
−0.09 (−0.24, 0.10) |
−0.07 (−0.18, 0.07) |
| High youth population | −0.07 (−0.23, 0.12) |
0.01 (−0.15, 0.19) |
0.01 (−0.14, 0.19) |
0.02 (−0.08, 0.14) |
| High population density | −0.01 (−0.19, 0.20) |
−0.07 (−0.22, 0.10) |
0.05 (−0.16, 0.31) |
0.06 (−0.09, 0.24) |
| Number of parks | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.10) |
−0.08 (−0.17, 0.02) |
0.01 (−0.05, 0.08) |
0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) |
| Number of schools | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.09) |
−0.04 (−0.11, 0.04) |
0.02 (−0.03, 0.08) |
0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) |
| Number of places of worship |
0.06* (0.00, 0.11) |
0.05* (0.00, 0.10) |
0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) |
0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) |
| No schools, parks, or churches | −0.19 (−0.36, 0.02) |
−0.13 (−0.29, 0.07) |
−0.04 (−0.26, 0.25) |
0.00 (−0.17, 0.21) |
| Number of major roadway miles | 0.07 (−0.16, 0.35) |
−0.02 (−0.21, 0.20) |
0.03 (−0.02, 0.09) |
0.07*** (0.04, 0.11) |
| Number of neighborhood streets | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) |
0.02 (0.00, 0.04) |
−0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) |
0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) |
| Any freeway |
0.39*** (0.15, 0.69) |
0.05 (−0.12, 0.24) |
−0.09 (−0.23, 0.09) |
−0.07 (−0.18, 0.04) |
| Amount of variance accounted for by city |
0.08 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 0.71 |
***
p<.001,
**
p<.01,
*
p<.05
***
p<.001,
**
p<.01,
*
p<.05
a. Because first-level residuals were not normally distributed, we log-transformed the dependent variable, making all coefficients for fixed effects percent changes in the number of ad locations