Figure 5. Impact of co-exposure on kdr mosquito survival.

Efficacy of fungus-insecticide combinations against laboratory-reared VKPer (top) and field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Ladji, Benin (bottom). Mosquitoes were treated with permethrin (P), fungus (F) or combinations of both (F+P) in two subsequent rounds on day 0 and day 3, by exposing them to control papers (C), permethrin papers (P), B. bassiana-coated (Bb) or M. anisopliae-coated papers (Ma) as indicated on the X-axis. Data represent cumulative proportional mortality (mean ± SEM) measured at day 4, from five and four replicates of 28 laboratory and field mosquitoes, respectively. Significant group differences (separate for both populations) are indicated by non-corresponding letters.