Table 4.

Cox Models Showing Hazard Ratios for Dying (N = 13,325)^a

	Base	(i–x), Single Covariatesb	Individual + Community Characteristics	Adding Ill Health	Parsimonious Modelc
Variable	1	2	3	4	5
Rural residence	1.32**		1.18	1.19*	1.22**
Age (ref = 50–54)
55–59	1.43*		1.40**	1.37*	1.40**
60–64	2.01***		1.91***	1.86***	1.95***
65–69	4.03***		3.77***	3.61***	3.82***
70–74	6.37***		5.82***	5.55***	6.01***
75–79	9.93***		8.81***	8.31***	9.17***
80 +	22.20***		19.05***	18.79***	21.42***
Gender (1 = male)	1.49***		1.65***	1.66***	1.53***
Education (ref = more than primary)
No education		1.27*	1.10	1.12
Primary education		1.11	0.99	1.01
Is a cadre		0.42***	0.49**	0.49**	0.44***
Occupation (ref = skilled/white collar)
Unskilled/agricultural		1.38**	1.16	1.11
Never worked/other/missing		1.42**	1.34*	1.28
Wealth quintile (ref = highest)
Lowest quintile		1.11	0.95	0.88
Second quintile		1.09	1.02	0.98
Third quintile		1.18	1.08	1.03
Fourth quintile		1.11	1.05	1.01
Has insurance		0.83*	0.92	0.88
Log average wage		0.89**	0.89**	0.86***	0.89**
Number of amenities		0.94***	0.95**	0.94***	0.94***
Number medical facilities		1.01	1.01	1.01
Distance to nearest facility (ref = 0–.50 km)
.51–2.00 km		0.99	0.97	1.00
2.01+ km		1.10	1.06	1.07
Missing distance information		0.78*	0.80	0.83
Ill health		2.06***		2.15***	2.15***
LL	−6824.3		−6808.0	−6775.6	−6781.7
Δ −2LL from base			32.7***	94.4***	84.2***
θ	0.111***		0.093***	0.103***	0.112***

Notes: i−x = 10 models (i−x), each of which includes base plus one additional covariate; LL = log likelihood.

^aResults of a shared frailty hazard model with standard errors of hazard ratios conditional on θ. N based on number of measured episodes.

^bResults represent a series of models that all adjusted for residence, age, and gender. Results for residence, age, gender, LL, and Δ −2LL not shown.

^cAddition of other covariates did not substantially change the urban coefficient or the Δ −2LL from base.

^*p < .10

^**p < .05

^***p < .01, two-tailed.