TABLE 3.

Differences in the Proportion of Children With Moderate-to-Severe Side Effects Between the PRN and ATC Groups

Time Point	PRN Group	ATC Group	Statistics	Effect Size
Daytime
Sedation
POD 0 PM	42.1% (16/38)	35.6% (26/73)	χ² = 0.45, p = .54	h = 0.12
POD 1 PM	15.4% (6/39)	16.4% (12/73)	χ² = 0.02, p = 1.00	h = -0.03
POD 2 PM	17.9% (7/39)	16.4% (12/73)	χ² = 0.04, p = 1.00	h = 0.05
POD 3 PM	7.7% (3/39)	21.4% (15/70)	χ² = 3.43, p = .10	h = -0.38
Lightheadedness, Feeling Dizzy
POD 0 PM	30.8% (12/39)	27.8% (20/72)	χ² = 0.11, p = 0.83	h = 0.07
POD 1 PM	12.8% (5/39)	21.9% (16/73)	χ² = 1.38, p = .31	h = -0.24
POD 2 PM	7.7% (3/39)	12.3% (9/73)	χ² = 0.57, p = .54	h = -0.13
POD 3 PM	10.5% (4/38)	17.1% (12/70)	χ² = 0.85, p = .41	h = -0.17
Nightmares
POD 0 PM	5.3% (2/38)	3.0% (2/67)	χ² = 0.34, p = .62	h = 0.10
POD 1 PM	2.6% (1/39)	4.2% (3/72)	χ² = 0.19, p = 1.00	h = -0.06
POD 2 PM	0.0% (0/38)	2.8% (2/72)	χ² = 1.07, p = .54	h = -0.35
POD 3 PM	0.0% (0/38)	4.3% (3/70)	χ² = 1.67, p = .55	h = -0.40
Nausea
POD 0 PM	38.5% (15/39)	30.6% (22/72)	χ² = 0.71, p = .41	h = 0.17
POD 1 PM	23.1% (9/39)	23.6% (17/72)	χ² = 0.004, p = 1.00	h = -0.02
POD 2 PM	10.3% (4/39)	19.2% (14/73)	χ² = 1.50, p = .29	h = -0.26
POD 3 PM	12.8% (5/39)	27.1% (19/70)	χ² = 2.99, p = .10	h = -0.36
Vomiting
POD 0 PM	34.2% (13/38)	24.7% (18/73)	χ² = 1.13, p = .37	h = 0.20
POD 1 PM	7.7% (3/39)	5.5% (4/73)	χ² = 0.21, p = .69	h = 0.08
POD 2 PM	5.1% (2/39)	9.6% (7/73)	χ² = 0.68, p = .49	h = -0.19
POD 3 PM	2.6% (1/39)	8.6% (6/70)	χ² = 1.50, p = .42	h = -0.26
Constipation
POD 0 PM	5.3% (2/38)	5.8% (4/69)	χ² = 0.013, p = 1.00	h = -0.04
POD 1 PM	13.2% (5/38)	15.2% (10/66)	χ² = 0.08, p = 1.00	h = -0.06
POD 2 PM	15.8% (6/38)	18.3% (13/71)	χ² = 0.11, p = 0.80	h = -0.05
POD 3 PM	17.9% (7/39)	22.1% (15/68)	χ² = 0.27, p = 0.80	h = -0.10

POD, postoperative day; PM, evening; PRN, as needed; ATC, around the clock

In calculating the effect sizes, the differences in proportions were always calculated left to right, as PRN group – ATC group.