Table 4.

Associations between Parent/family Characteristics and ADHD.

Variable	Developmentally Delayed			Effect Size (d or OR)	Typically Developing			Effect Size (d or OR)
	No DBD (n=44)	ADHD (n=37)	t/X2		No DBD (n=99)	ADHD	t/X2
Maternal Education	14.10 (2.14)	14.63 (2.57)	t=.91	d=0.22	15.95 (2.41)	14.29 (2.09)	t=2.67**	d=0.74
Fam. Income (% > 50 K)	38.5	44.4	X2=2.91	OR= 1.27	60.60	47.01	X2=.09	OR= 0.36
Scaffolding1	−0.09 (2.34)	−1.94 (2.57)	t=2.94**	d=0.75	0.70 (2.42)	−0.34 (2.11)	t=1.67	d=0.46
HO Positive Parenting2	−0.06 (1.24)	−0.47 (1.75)	t=1.13	d=0.28	0.27 (1.68)	−1.00 (1.64)	t=2.82**	d=0.77
HO Negative Parenting3	−0.42 (1.30)	0.64 (2.05)	t=2.35*	d=0.61	−0.22 (1.45)	0.65 (1.38)	t=2.24*	d=0.62
HO M-C Pleasure4	1.54 (.48)	1.40 (.45)	t=1.23	d=0.31	1.79 (.64)	1.44 (.25)	t=3.99***	d=0.73
HO M-C Conflict5	1.07 (.12)	1.25 (.42)	t=2.19*	d=0.59	1.18 (.24)	1.28 (.27)	t=1.54	d=0.39
SCL Total Score6	18.72 (13.13)	27.00 (19.83)	t=2.04*	d=0.49	17.47 (18.06)	35.59 25.15)	t=2.85*	d=0.83
FIQ Negative	13.05 (8.27)	25.89 (13.24)	t=4.47***	d=1.16	8.65 (5.57)	19.59 12.70)	t=3.49**	d=1.12

^*p< .05;

^**p <.01;

^***p < .001

¹Maternal scaffolding composite comprised by summing z-scores of the total scores for three types of scaffolding (technical, motivational, and emotional)

²Home observation positive parenting composite comprised by summing z-scores for maternal positivity, sensitivity, and stimulation of cognition and subtracting the z-score for maternal detachment at 36 and 42 months

³Home observation negative parenting composite comprised by summing z-scores for maternal negativity and intrusiveness at 36 and 42 months

⁴Home observations mother-child dyadic pleasure subscale, composite of 36 and 42 months

⁵Home observations mother-child dyadic conflict subscale, composite of 36 and 42 months

⁶Symptom Checklist;

Family Impact Questionnaire, Negative Impact scale