Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics and Variable Descriptions: 1993 and 2004 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS)

Variable	M	SD	Description
Psychological well-being
Depressive symptoms (2004)	7.3	6.8	Score on CES-D scale. Based on self-reported frequency of 20 symptoms of depression (e.g., felt sad, felt lonely, slept restlessly) experienced during the past week. Sample range = 0 (fewest depressive symptoms) to 49 (most depressive symptoms), α = .86.
Depressive symptoms (1993)	9.1	7.4	Score on CES-D scale. Based on self-reported frequency of 20 symptoms of depression (e.g., felt sad, felt lonely, slept restlessly) experienced during the past week. Sample range = 0 (fewest depressive symptoms) to 55 (most depressive symptoms), α = .86.
Positive psychological functioning (2004)	95.1	12.3	Score on abridged version of Ryff’s (1989) positive well-being scale. Based on 20 questions assessing self-acceptance, relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. Range = 46 (lowest positive well-being) to 120 (highest positive well-being), α = .81.
Positive psychological functioning (1993)	99.5	12.3	Score on abridged version of Ryff’s positive well-being scale. Based on 20 questions assessing self-acceptance, relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. Range = 34 (lowest positive well-being) to 120 (highest positive well-being), α = .89.
Retirement status (2004)
Not at all retired	0.25		Based on responses to the following question: “At this time do you consider yourself partly retired, completely retired, or not retired at all?”
Partially retired	0.24
Fully retired	0.51
Work–family conflict (1993)
Work interfering with family	0.01	0.98	Scale constructed by summing responses to 3 items asking respondents the extent to which they agree or disagree with the following: “My job reduces the amount of time I can spend with my family”; “Problems at work make me irritable at home”; and “My job takes so much energy I don’t feel up to doing things that need attention at home.” Variable standardized with a M equal to 0 and a SD equal to 1 based on full WLS sample, α = .58.
Family interfering with work	−0.02	0.97	Scale constructed by summing responses to 3 items asking respondents the extent to which they agree or disagree with the following: “Family matters reduce the time I can devote to my job”; “Family worries or problems distract me from my work”; and “Family activities stop me from getting the amount of sleep I need to do my job well.” Variable standardized with a M equal to 0 and a SD equal to 1 based on full WLS sample, α = .62.
Other family characteristics
Shares “very similar” life outlook with spouse (1993)	0.56		Based on responses to the following question: “In terms of your outlook on life, would you say you and your (husband/wife) share very similar views, somewhat similar views, not very similar views, or not at all similar views?” Coded 1 if the respondent reports “very similar” views; 0 otherwise.
“Very close” to spouse (1993)	0.82		Based on responses to the following question: “How close would you say you are to your (husband/wife)? Would you say you are very close, somewhat close, not very close, or not at all close?” Coded 1 if the respondent reports being “very close”; 0 otherwise.
Ever divorced or widowed (2004)	0.16		Coded 1 if the respondent was ever divorced or widowed; 0 otherwise.
Duration of current marriage (2004)	27.4	8.2	Total number of years respondent married to his or her current spouse.
Spouse’s labor force status (1993–2004)			Following questions in 1993 and 2004: “What is the labor force activity of your current spouse?” Valid responses were “currently working” and “not currently working.”
Employed in 1993 and 2004	0.39
NOT employed in 1993 or 2004	0.16
Employed in 1993 but NOT in 2004	0.45
Spouse in poor health (1993)	0.08		Coded 1 if respondent reported his or her spouse’s health was very poor, poor, or fair; 0 if good or excellent.
Spouse's health declined from 1993 to 2004	0.33		Coded 1 if respondent reported his or her spouse’s health was poorer in 2004 than in 1993; 0 otherwise.
Respondent provided care in past 12 months (1993)	0.11		Coded 1 if respondent provided care to a friend or family member; 0 otherwise.
Respondent provided care in past 12 months (2004)	0.05		Coded 1 if respondent provided care to a friend or family member; 0 otherwise.
Child(ren) were living with the respondent (1993)	0.40		Coded 1 if respondent’s child(ren) were living with the respondent in 1993; 0 otherwise.
Child(ren) were living with the respondent (2004)	0.09		Coded 1 if respondent’s child(ren) were living with the respondent in 2004; 0 otherwise.
Characteristics of current or last job (1993)
Worked 50+ hours per week	0.28		Coded 1 if respondent worked 50 or more hours per week at his or her primary job in 1993; 0 otherwise.
Class of worker
Government worker	0.24		Respondent’s class of worker at his or her primary job in 1993.
Self-employed	0.04
Other	0.72
Job required intense concentration	0.42		Coded 1 if respondent’s primary job always required intense concentration or attention in 1993; 0 otherwise.
Exposed to dangerous conditions at job	0.32		Coded 1 if respondent’s primary job required exposure to dangerous conditions in 1993; 0 otherwise.
Job required work under time pressure	0.30		Coded 1 if respondent’s primary job always required work under time pressure in 1993; 0 otherwise.
Very satisfied or fairly satisfied with job	0.94		Coded 1 if respondent felt “very satisfied” or “fairly satisfied” with his or her primary job in 1993; 0 if the respondent felt “somewhat dissatisfied” or “very dissatisfied.”
Log hourly wage	2.5	0.86	Log hourly wages in 1993 U.S. dollars. Those reporting $0 were assigned a value of $1.
Employer offered a pension plan	0.71		Coded 1 if the respondent’s 1993 employer offered a pension plan; 0 otherwise.
Employer offered health insurance	0.78		Coded 1 if the respondent’s 1993 employer offered a health insurance plan; 0 otherwise.
Background characteristics
Respondent is female	0.45		Coded 1 if the respondent is female; 0 if the respondent is male.
Log total net worth (1993)	11.9	2.3	Respondent’s total assets in log 1993 U.S. dollar. Those reporting less than $1 were recoded to $1.
Poor self-rated health (1993)	0.08		Coded 1 if the respondent’s self-rated health was “very poor,” “poor,” or “fair”; 0 if “good” or “excellent.”
Health declined from 1993 to 2004	0.23		Coded 1 if the respondent reported his/her health was poorer in 2004 than in 1993; 0 otherwise.
Education (2004)
High school graduate	0.45		Education categories based on respondent’s most recent degree.
Some college	0.19
College degree or more	0.36

Notes: Descriptive statistics presented for the 2,518 cases with no missing data on the complete set of independent variables and two outcome measures.