TABLE 4.
Final Model Coefficients, Standard Errors, and Effect Sizes for SBHC-Related Effects for Each Outcome: Middle School and High School Students, Michigan, 2006–2008
| Variables | Satisfaction With Health | Physical Discomfort | Emotional Discomfort | Physical Activity | Healthy Eating | Unhealthy Eatinga | ||||||
| b (SE) | ES | b (SE) | ES | b (SE) | ES | b (SE) | ES | b (SE) | ES | b (SE) | ES | |
| Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Genderb | −0.27** (0.03) | … | 0.11** (0.03) | … | 0.14** (0.03) | … | −0.25** (0.06) | … | … | … | … | … |
| SESc | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| African Americand | … | … | −0.06* (0.03) | … | … | … | … | … | −0.23** (0.06) | … | −0.29** (0.06) | … |
| Latinod | … | … | 0.06 (0.04) | … | … | … | … | … | −0.03 (0.09) | … | −0.14 (0.09) | … |
| Otherd | … | … | −0.10** (0.04) | … | … | … | … | … | −0.04 (0.09) | … | −0.10 (0.08) | … |
| Agec | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Middle school or high schoole | −0.13** (0.05) | … | 0.07** (0.03) | … | 0.17** (0.03) | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Time 1 outcome | 0.47** (0.03) | … | 0.51** (0.03) | … | 0.50** (0.03) | … | 0.57** (0.03) | … | 0.42** (0.03) | … | 0.35** (0.03) | … |
| Predictors | ||||||||||||
| Implementation SBHCf | 0.0006 (0.06) | … | −0.02 (0.03) | … | −0.08* (0.04) | –0.13 | 0.16 (0.12) | … | −0.002 (0.07) | … | −0.07 (0.07) | … |
| Established SBHCg | −0.02 (0.06) | … | −0.05 (0.03) | … | −0.08* (0.04) | –0.14 | 0.05 (0.12) | … | 0.04 (0.07) | … | 0.04 (0.06) | … |
| SBHC userh | 0.12** (0.05) | 0.21 | −0.04 (0.03) | … | −0.08* (0.05) | –0.14 | 0.20** (0.08) | 0.20 | 0.18** (0.07) | 0.22 | −0.06 (0.07) | … |
| User × gender interaction | −0.10 (0.09) | … | −0.14** (0.07) | –0.22i | −0.15 (0.09) | … | −0.04 (0.16) | … | −0.01 (0.14) | … | 0.18 (0.15) | … |
| User × SBHC type interaction | 0.01 (0.09) | … | 0.06 (0.07) | … | 0.08 (0.09) | … | 0.02 (0.16) | … | 0.14 (0.14) | … | 0.14 (0.15) | … |
Note. SBHC = school-based health center; b = parameter estimate; ES = effect size; SES = socioeconomic status. We computed Hedge g effect sizes following the recommendations by the Institute for Educational Sciences (available at http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/help/idocviewer/Doc.aspx?docId=19&tocId=8#hlm) from the What Works Clearinghouse Procedures and Standards Handbook.21
Unhealthy eating is reverse-scored; higher scores reflect less unhealthy eating.
Male = 0, female = 1.
Not significant and not computed for the full model.
Compared with White students (reference group).
Middle school = 0, high school = 1.
Implementation sites = 1, comparison sites = 0. Comparison sites did not have SBHCs; implementation sites had SBHCs that had been in operation for less than 1 year at time 1.
established sites = 1, comparison sites = 0. Comparison sites did not have SBHCs; established sites had SBHCs that had been in operation for at least 6 years at time 1.
Nonuser = 0, user = 1. Participants reported lifetime use of the health center.
Given the primary interest in user effects, the effect size was computed comparing female users and nonusers.
*P < .10; **P < .05.