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(a) H-cell device for supplying cathode biofilms of S. ovata electrons derived from water. The solar-powered option is illustrated. 8 e−, 8 electrons. (b) Electron consumption and product formation by a representative S. ovata biofilm over time. The data shown were obtained with a system connected to a standard electric current. The mean standard errors of the organic acid and current measurements were 2% and 13%, respectively.
