Table 2.
Initial Clinical and Demographic Information
| Variable | Positive group (n = 95) |
Negative group (n = 116) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age ± SD, years | 59 ± 19 | 55 ± 17 | .09 |
| Race | |||
| White | 47 (50) | 65 (56) | .35 |
| Black | 43 (45) | 43 (37) | .23 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 52 (55) | 51 (44) | .12 |
| Female | 43 (45) | 65 (56) | .12 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 25 (26) | 29 (25) | .83 |
| COPD | 16 (17) | 25 (22) | .40 |
| HIV infection | 10 (11) | 15 (13) | .60 |
| End-stage renal disease | 14 (15) | 14 (12) | .58 |
| Active malignancy | 21 (22) | 13 (11) | .04 |
| Organ transplant | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | .48 |
| Indwelling vascular line | 18 (19) | 10 (9) | .03 |
| Nursing home resident | 24 (25) | 16 (14) | .04 |
| Do not resuscitate | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | .54 |
| Previous antibiotics | 20 (21) | 23 (20) | .86 |
| ED vital signs | |||
| Mean lowest SBP ± SD, mm Hg | 71 ± 15 | 73 ± 17 | .33 |
| Mean highest PR ± SD, beats/min | 122 ± 27 | 118 ± 23 | .27 |
| Mean highest RR ± SD, breaths/min | 31 ± 12 | 30 ± 10 | .39 |
| Median highest temperature (IQR), °C | 38.3 (36.7–39.3) | 38.3 (37–39) | .92 |
| Mean lowest O2 saturation level ± SD, % | 92.9 ± 6.9 | 91.0 ± 7.5 | .07 |
| Median lowest CVP (IQR), mm Hg | 6 (4–9) | 6 (3–9) | .30 |
| Median highest CVP (IQR), mm Hg | 13 (10–15) | 11 (9–16) | .99 |
| Mean lowest ScvO2 level ± SD, % | 65 ± 13 | 67 ± 11 | .20 |
| Mean highest ScvO2 level ± SD, % | 73 ± 13 | 76 ± 13 | .17 |
| Median ED SOFA score (IQR) | 6 (3–11) | 7 (4–8.5) | .97 |
| Mean lactate level ± SD, mmol/L | 4.1 ± 3.7 | 3.7 ± 3.2 | .45 |
| Suspected infection source in ED | |||
| Pulmonary | 33 (35) | 57 (49) | .04 |
| Urinary tract | 41 (43) | 17 (15) | <.001 |
| Intra-abdominal | 16 (17) | 29 (25) | .15 |
| Skin or soft tissue | 12 (13) | 16 (14) | .81 |
| Blood (bacteremia) | 17 (18) | 5 (4) | .002 |
| Unknown | 4 (4) | 12 (10) | .10 |
NOTE. Data are no. (%) of patients, unless otherwise indicated. Dichotomous characteristics were compared using the Fisher exact test; continuous characteristics were compared using the Student t test with the exception of highest temperature, highest and lowest central venous pressure (CVP), and emergency department (ED) sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, which were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR, interquartile range; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PR, pulse rate; RR, respiratory rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; ScvO2, central venous oxygen saturation; SD, standard deviation.