. 2010 Jul;3(7):20–31.

Table 1.

Worldwide prevalence of pigmentary disorders (excluding vitiligo) in skin of color

AUTHOR	YEAR	STUDY POPULATION	PREVALENCE	RANK	LOCATION
Halder²	1980–1983	2,550: 78.4% African Americans, 21.6% Caucasian	9% black; 1.7% white	3/13 black, 7/10 white	Washington, DC
Chua-Ty⁴	1989–1990	74,589: 77.2% Chinese, 9.9% Indian, 7.6% Malay, 5.3% Other	1.8% Chinese, 2.7% Malay, 2.3% Indian, 1.2% other	10/10	Singapore
Nanda¹¹⁶	1992–1996	10,000: 88% Kuwaitis, 8% other Arabs, 4% non-Arabs; all children	0.42%	33/74	Kuwait
Child¹¹⁷	1996	461: black (African, Afro-Caribbean, mixed race); 187 children, 274 adults	1.6% children, 3.4% adults	8/14 children, 7/29 adults	London, England
Hartshorne¹¹⁸	1999	7,029: 76.1% black, 10.9% Caucasian, 6.7% Indian, 6.1% colored (mixed race)	0.7% black, 0.1% Caucasian, 0.3% Indian, 0.5% colored (mixed race)	22/91 overall	Johannesburg, South Africa
Dunwell¹¹⁹	2001	1,000: 95.6% Afro-Caribbean, 0.8% Caucasian, 2.2% Indian, 1.4% Chinese	22.8%^* (includes PIH, melasma, solar lentigines)	3/18	Kingston, Jamaica
Sanchez¹²⁰	Published 2003	3,000: Latino (1,000 private practice, 2,000 hospital-based clinic)	6% private practice, 7.5% hospital-based clinic	7/12 private, 6/12 hospital	New York, New York
Arsouze¹²¹	2004	1,064: black (African, Afro-Caribbean; FST V and VI); 228 children, 836 adults	6.1% children, 9.2% adults	6/16 children, 2/20 adults	Paris, France
Alexis³	2004–2005	1,074: black and white	19.9% of diagnoses in blacks^#, not in whites	2/14	New York, New York
El-Essawi¹²²	Published 2007	401: Arab Americans (33.7% Lebanese descent)	56.4% uneven skin tone, 55.9% skin discoloration	Top 2 skin concerns out of 10	Detroit, Michigan

Data not separated by race/ethnicity

Subsequent visits by the same patient were included in the data pool

PIH = Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation

FST = Fitzpatrick skin types