Table 2.

Relationship of Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Markers and Prevalence of Gross Proteinuria at the 1990–1992 Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy Examination.

	Prevalent Gross Proteinuria		Incident Gross Proteinuria
	Crude OR	Adjusted OR†	Crude OR	Adjusted OR†
Markers*	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)
hsCRP (mg/L)	1.12 (0.97, 1.29)	1.04 (0.87, 1.25)	1.41 (1.06, 1.86)	1.47 (1.02, 2.11)
IL-6 (pg/mL)	1.54 (1.23, 1.94)	1.41 (1.06, 1.88)	1.47 (1.05, 2.05)	1.44 (0.87, 2.39)
VCAM-1 (ng/mL)	15.82 (1.71, 33.30)	13.35 (5.39, 33.07)	4.96 (1.28, 19.25)	4.62 (0.98, 21.67)
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	2.35 (1.08, 5.13)	1.80 (0.72, 4.46)	3.32 (1.07, 10.28)	1.40 (0.28, 7.05)
TNF-α (pg/mL)	4.62 (3.19, 6.71)	3.64 (2.33, 5.70)	1.62 (1.02, 2.57)	1.57 (0.77, 3.19)
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	5.25 (3.40, 8.13)	2.98 (1.73, 5.16)	2.23 (1.16, 4.28)	2.41 (0.75, 7.78)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; VCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

^*All markers are entered in the model using logarithmic transformation of continuous exposure variable.

^†Controlling for age, gender, total family income, diabetes duration, comorbidities (history of hypertension, neuropathy history), serum total cholesterol and glycosylated hemoglobin levels.