Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants
| Controls | HIV without Excess VAT Accumulation |
HIV with Excess VAT Accumulation |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=20 | n=21 | n=22 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 40 ± 7 | 42 ± 5 | 41± 6 | 0.45 |
| Race (%) | 0.47 | |||
| Caucasian | 35% | 38% | 50% | |
| African-American | 50% | 43% | 32% | |
| Hispanic | 5% | 5% | 9% | |
| Asian | 10% | 5% | 0% | |
| Other | 0% | 10% | 5% | |
| Antihypertensive Medication Use (%) | 0% | 10% | 14% | 0.25 |
| Markers of HIV Disease and Antiretroviral Medications | ||||
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | 823 ± 316 | 291 ± 148* | 385 ± 196* | <0.0001 |
| Viral load (copies/mL) | NA | 3724 ± 6088 | 7268 ± 14052 | 0.35 |
| % Patients with Undetectable Viral Load | NA | 44% | 43% | 0.96 |
| Duration of HIV Diagnosis (months) | NA | 90 ± 56 | 115 ± 50 | 0.12 |
| PI (%) | NA | 33% | 36% | 0.83 |
| NRTI (%) | NA | 81% | 77% | 0.77 |
| NNRTI (%) | NA | 43% | 32% | 0.45 |
| Duration of PI (months) | NA | 12 ± 21 | 22 ± 20 | 0.11 |
| Duration of NRTI (months) | NA | 31 ± 36 | 54 ± 36 | 0.05 |
| Duration of NNRTI (months) | NA | 11 ± 15 | 9 ± 12 | 0.63 |
| Body Composition | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 3.4 | 25.7 ± 3.2 | 0.97 |
| Total Body Fat (kg) | 23.6 ± 8.8 | 23.8 ± 8.2 | 21.2 ± 6.8 | 0.50 |
| Visceral abdominal fat (cm2) | 54 ± 25 | 55 ± 24 | 118 ± 38*† | <0.0001 |
| Subcutaneous abdominal fat (cm2) | 257 ± 144 | 223 ± 109 | 258 ± 116 | 0.58 |
| Cardiovascular Parameters | ||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 112 ± 14 | 107 ± 10 | 116 ± 14 | 0.12 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 70 ± 10 | 70 ± 12 | 74 ± 11 | 0.18 |
| Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters | ||||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 0.55 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 3.2* | 0.03 |
| 2h OGTT glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 6.3 ± 0.9* | 6.7 ± 1.8* | 0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 169 ± 26 | 184 ± 26 | 185 ± 54 | 0.35 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 92 ± 22 | 110 ± 27 | 109 ± 48 | 0.20 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 63 ± 18 | 54 ± 11 | 43 ± 12*† | 0.0002 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 69 ± 26 | 101 ± 40* | 175 ± 103*† | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 70.7 ± 26.5 | 79.6 ± 8.8 | 79.6 ± 8.8 | 0.27 |
| 24hr urine creatinine (mmol/24h) | 8.0 ± 4.4 | 7.3 ± 3.3 | 7.9 ± 3.4 | 0.77 |
| 24hr urine cortisol (nmol/24h) | 119 ± 55 | 89 ± 41 | 90 ± 57 | 0.11 |
| 24hr urine aldosterone (nmol/24h) | 13.3 ± 12.5 | 14.7 ± 10.0 | 27.2 ± 26.1*† | 0.03 |
| 24hr urine aldosterone/Creatinine (nmol/mmol) | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 2.7* | 0.02 |
| 24hr urine sodium (mmol/24h) | 116 ± 35 | 100 ± 56 | 105 ± 56 | 0.58 |
| Total urine volume (L) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.25 |
| Dietary Intake | ||||
| Average daily sodium (mmol/day) | 141 ± 52 | 135 ± 46 | 138 ± 31 | 0.93 |
| Average daily potassium (mmol/day) | 60 ± 15 | 70 ± 30 | 59 ± 18 | 0.28 |
| Average daily fat (g/day) | 69 ± 28 | 72 ± 29 | 74 ± 26 | 0.86 |
| Average daily carbohydrate (g/day) | 236 ± 74 | 257 ± 97 | 240 ± 41 | 0.64 |
| Average daily protein (g/day) | 72 ± 27 | 73 ± 25 | 70 ± 22 | 0.91 |
Results are reported as mean ± SD for continuous variables. For race, percentages are reported in parentheses.
P-values reported for ANOVA F test for continuous variables. For race, P-values are reported for chi-square test.
*
P-value <0.05 vs. controls,
†
P-value <0.05 vs. HIV without excess VAT accumulation.