Table 1.

CCN family members and their known functions.

CCN nomenclature	First reported	Synonym (also known as)	NM number (human/mouse)	cDNA Length (human/mouse)	Location (human/mouse)	Main functions	Knock-out Phenotypes
CCN1	1990	Cyr61, CEF10, IGFBP10	NM_001554.4/NM_010516.2	1146/1140	1p31-p22/3 H2; 3 72.9 cM	Cell migration, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, apoptosis, gastrulation, tumorigenesis	Embryonic death, duo to failure in chorioallantoic fusion, placental vascular insufficiency and compromised vessel integrity (severe atrioventricular septal defects).
CCN2	1991	CTGF, Fisp-12, HCS24, IGFBP8	NM_001901.2/NM_010217.2	1050/1047	6q23.1/10 A3-B1; 10 17.0 cM	Fibrogenesis, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, diabetic nephropathy, tumorigenesis	Lethal; major skeletal defects; dramatic decrease in beta-cell proliferation (at late gestation).
CCN3	1992, 1994	Nov, IGFBP9	NM_002514.3/NM_010930.4	1074/1065	8q24.1/15 D1; 15 22.5 cM	Angiogenesis, tumorigenesis	Enhanced chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, enlargement and abnormal modelling of the endocardial cushions; hypertrophy and calcification of the septum and left ventricle dilation; muscle atrophy; premature tissue degeneration in the lens.
CCN4	1998	WISP1, ELM-1	NM_003882.2, NM_080838.1/NA	1104, 1035/NA	8q24.1-q24.3/NA	Tumorigenesis	NA
CCN5	1998	WISP2; CTGF-L, rCop-1	NM_003881.2/NA	753/NA	20q12-q13.1/NA	Tumorigenesis	NA
CCN6	1998	WISP3	NM_003880.3, NM_198239.1/NA	1065, 1119/NA	6q21/NA	Tumorigenesis	Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia were seen in CCN6 loss-of-function mutant mice, while CCN6 knockout mouse has no phenotype