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Hydrophobic trigger helix residues β’ M1238 and F1241 in dehydration of the dNMP-NTP base pair. A) In wt RNAP, M1238 and F1241 closely approach ATP (4 ns). B) In R428A RNAP, M1238 and F1241 are further away, the position and conformation of ATP is altered, the bridge helix is less bent, and the conformation of the trigger helices is changed (3.5 ns).
