Fig. 2.

The speaker–listener neural coupling is widespread, extending well beyond low-level auditory areas. (A) Areas in which the activity during speech production is coupled to the activity during speech comprehension. The analysis was performed on an area-by-area basis, with P values defined using an F test and was corrected for multiple comparisons using FDR methods (γ = 0.05). The findings are presented on sagittal slices of the left hemisphere (similar results were obtained in the right hemisphere; see Fig. S3). The speaker–listener coupling is extensive and includes early auditory cortices and linguistic and extralinguistic brain areas. (B) The overlap (orange) between areas that exhibit reliable activity across all listeners (listener–listener coupling, yellow) and speaker–listener coupling (red). Note the widespread overlap between the network of brain areas used to process incoming verbal information among the listeners (comprehension-based activity) and the areas that exhibit similar time-locked activity in the speaker's brain (production/comprehension coupling). A1+, early auditory cortices; TPJ, temporal-parietal junction; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IOG, inferior occipital gyrus; Ins, insula; PL, parietal lobule; obFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PM, premotor cortex; Sta, striatum; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex.