Table II.
List of the hosts examined harboring species of Trichobilharzia. Localities are labeled with the U.S. state abbreviation, except for Manitoba, Canada (MB). Schistosomes were found in hosts and localities in bold. See text for further description.
| North America Avian Host | Number examined | Viscera positive | Nasals examined | Species of Trichobilharzia | Locality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Larus delawarensis | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | LA, CA |
| Larus delawarensis | 10 | 0 | 0 | - | CA |
| Larus californicus | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | CA |
| Larus fuscus | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | LA |
| Sterna maxima | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | LA |
| Anhinga anhinga | 10 | 0 | 0 | - | FL, LA |
| Phalacrocorax auritus | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | LA |
| Pluvialis dominicus | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | LA |
| Egretta tricolor | 1 | 0 | 0/1 | - | LA |
| Egretta thula | 1 | 0 | 0/1 | - | LA |
| Plegadis chihi | 6 | 0 | 0 | - | LA |
| Eudocimus albus | 12 | 0 | 0/5 | - | LA |
| Aramus guarauna | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | FL |
| Podilymbus podiceps | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | NM |
| Gavia immer | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | NM |
| Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | NM |
| Aythya affinis | 28 | 11 | 0/7 | T. physellae | AK, CA, LA, NM, PA |
| Aythya americana | 4 | 0 | 0 | - | CA, LA, NM |
| Aythya collaris | 5 | 1 | 0 | T. physellae | CA, LA, NM |
| Aythya marila | 9 | 0 | 0 | AK, PA, MB | |
| Aythya valisineria | 5 | 1 | 0/3 | T. physellae | NM, NV |
| Anas acuta | 23 | 1 | 0/1 | Trichobilharzia sp. E | AK, CA, LA, NV, NM, MB |
| Anas americana | 23 | 8 | 0/1 | Trichobilharzia spp. A and B | AK, CA, NM |
| Anas carolinensis | 41 | 4 | 0/7 | Trichobilharzia physellae | AK, CA, LA, NM, PA |
| Anas clypeata | 22 | 20 | 0/13 | T. querquedulae | AK, CA, LA, NE, NM, MB |
| Anas cyanoptera | 12 | 11 | 0/2 | T. querquedulae | CA, NM |
| Anas discors | 20 | 20 | 0/4 | T. querquedulae | CA, FL, LA, NM, PA |
| Anas fulvigula | 5 | 0 | 0/3 | - | LA |
| Anas platyrhynchos | 12 | 2 | 0/3 | T. physellae | AK, LA, MI, PA, |
| Anas rubripes | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | PA |
| Anas strepera | 27 | 1 | 0/5 | T. physellae | LA, NM, PA |
| Aix sponsa | 4 | 1 | 0/1 | T. physellae | LA, NM, PA |
| Bucephala albeola | 8 | 1 | 0 | T. physellae | NM, NV, PA |
| Bucephala clangula | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | CA, NM |
| Clangula hyemalis | 9 | 1 | 0 | T. physellae | AK |
| Histrionicus histrionicus | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | AK |
| Lophodytes cucullatus | 5 | 1 | 0 | Trichobilharzia sp. C | LA, PA |
| Mergus merganser | 6 | 3 | 0/1 | T. stagnicolae + T. physellae | MI |
| Mergus serrator | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | CA, NM |
| Oxyura jamaicensis | 6 | 0 | 0/2 | - | CA, NM, NV |
| Melanitta fusca | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | AK, MB |
| Melanitta perspicillata | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | AK |
| Somateria mollissima | 1 | 0 | 0/1 | - | MB |
| Cygnus columbianus | 13 | 0 | 0/5 | * | NV, NM |
| Chen caerulescens | 9 | 2 | 0/7 | Trichobilharzia brantae | LA, NM, MB |
| Branta canadensis | 7 | 3 | 0/5 | T. brantae | NM, NV, MB |
| Snail Hosts | |||||
| Physidae | |||||
| Physa gyrina | T. physellae | CA, MT, MN, NE, NM, NV, MB | |||
| Physa acuta | T. querquedulae | experimental in NM | |||
| Physa parkeri | T. physellae | MI, MN | |||
| Aplexa sp. | - | MB | |||
| Lymnaeidae | |||||
| Stagnicola emarginata | T. stagnicolae | MI, MN | |||
| Stagnicola elrodi | T. szidati | MT, MN, MB | |||
| Stagnicola elodes | - | MN, NM | |||
| Stagnicola sp. | Trichobilharzia sp. D | MB | |||
| Stagnicola sp. | Trichobilharzia sp. E | MB | |||
| Radix auricularia | - | NM | |||
| Fossaria sp. | - | NM | |||
| Lymnaea stagnalis | T. szidati | AK, MI, MT, MN, MB | |||
| Bulimnaea megasoma | - | MN | |||
| Planorbidae | |||||
| Gyraulus parvus | T. brantae | CO, MT, MN, MB | |||
| Planorbula armigera | - | MN | |||
| Promenetus exacuous | - | MN | |||
| Pecosorbis kansasensis | - | NM | |||
| Helisoma trivolvus | - | LA, NM, MI, MN | |||
| Helisoma anceps | - | MI, MN | |||
*
This host had Allobilharzia visceralis reported in Brant, 2007. The ‘+’ indicates co-infection in all three hosts examined.