Table 3.

Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of incident Alzheimer’s disease (AD) across tertiles of dietary vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, and flavonoids

Tertiles	Median intake	Total population (n=5,395)			Excluding antioxidant and omega-3 supplement users (n=4,751)
		No. of AD cases	Age-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted a	No. of AD cases	Age-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted b
Vitamin E (in mg/day)
1	9.0	131	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	117	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
2	13.5	137	1.10 (0.86, 1.40)	1.12 (0.88, 1.44)	107	0.97 (0.75, 1.27)	1.02 (0.78, 1.34)
3	18.5	97	0.77 (0.59, 1.00)	0.74 (0.56, 0.97)	89	0.78 (0.59, 1.03)	0.75 (0.57, 1.00)
			p-trend=0.05	p-trend=0.03		p-trend=0.07	p-trend=0.05
Vitamin C (in mg/day)
1	80	118	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	101	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
2	121	129	1.01 (0.79, 1.30)	1.01 (0.78, 1.30)	112	1.00 (0.76, 1.30)	0.98 (0.74, 1.29)
3	174	118	1.01 (0.78, 1.30)	0.96 (0.74, 1.25)	100	0.97 (0.73, 1.28)	0.91 (0.69, 1.21)
			p-trend=1.0	p-trend=0.8		p-trend=0.8	p-trend=0.5
Beta carotene (in μg/day)
1	1710	126	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	103	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
2	2627	123	0.95 (0.74, 1.22)	1.02 (0.79, 1.31)	107	1.02 (0.78, 1.34)	1.08 (0.82, 1.42)
3	3779	116	1.01 (0.79, 1.31)	1.07 (0.83, 1.39)	103	1.10 (0.84, 1.45)	1.18 (0.89, 1.57)
			p-trend=1.0	p-trend=0.8		p-trend=0.8	p-trend=0.5
Flavonoids (in mg/day)
1	16.9	109	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	90	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
2	27.6	127	1.07 (0.83, 1.38)	1.11 (0.85, 1.44)	108	1.09 (0.83, 1.45)	1.13 (0.85, 1.51)
3	39.3	129	1.04 (0.81, 1.34)	1.09 (0.84, 1.42)	115	1.12 (0.85, 1.47)	1.16 (0.87, 1.54)
			p-trend=0.8	p-trend=0.5		p-trend=0.4	p-trend=0.3

^aModels are adjusted for age, education, APOE ε4 genotype, total energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking habits, BMI, and supplement use.

^bModels are adjusted for age, education, APOE ε4 genotype, total energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking habits, and BMI.