Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables of bipolar manic/mixed and healthy subjects participating in a longitudinal study of impulsivity.
| Characteristic | Healthy Subjects (N=48) | All Bipolar Subjects (N=108) | Bipolar subgroups who: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developed Depression (N=26) | Developed Euthymia (N=31) | |||
| Age, yrs. | 31 (9) | 29 (10) | 29 (9) | 29 (10) |
| Sex, N(%) women | 29 (60) | 58 (54) | 14 (54) | 16 (52) |
| Ethnicity, N(%) white | 39 (81) | 77 (71) | 24 (92) | 23 (74) |
| Education, yrs. | 15 (2) | 13 (2)a | 14 (2) | 14 (3) |
| IQ | 107 (10) | 108 (18) | 115 (23)g | 109 (12) |
| YMRS, baseline | 1 (2) | 26 (6)b | 25 (6) | 26 (4) |
| - follow-up | n/a | n/a | 10 (7)h | 1 (1)k |
| MADRS, baseline | 1 (1) | 14 (9)c | 19 (9)i | 12 (8) |
| - follow-up | n/a | n/a | 23 (8)j | 1 (1)l |
| Alcohol Use Disorder, N(%) | 5 (10) | 52 (48)d | 13 (50) | 11 (35) |
| Current (prior 30 days) N(%) | 0 (0) | 8 (7) | 1 (4) | 2 (6) |
| Drug Use Disorder, N(%) | 2 (4) | 48 (44)e | 13 (50) | 7 (23)m |
| Current (prior 30 days) N(%) | 0 (0) | 15 (14) | 3 (12) | 3 (10) |
| ADHD, N(%) | 0 (0) | 43 (40)f | 10 (38) | 4 (13)n |
| Medications prescribed, N(%)* | ||||
| Lithium, baseline | n/a | 17 (16) | 3 (12) | 4 (13) |
| Lithium, follow-up | n/a | n/a | 8 (31) | 2 (6) |
| Anti-epileptic, baseline | n/a | 25 (23) | 5 (19) | 8 (26) |
| Anti-epileptic, follow-up | n/a | n/a | 12 (46) | 13 (42) |
| Antipsychotic, baseline | n/a | 69 (64) | 14 (54) | 25 (81) |
| Antipsychotic, follow-up | n/a | n/a | 22 (85) | 28 (90) |
| Antidepressant, baseline | n/a | 5 (5) | 1 (4) | 1 (3) |
| Antidepressant, follow-up | n/a | n/a | 6 (23) | 4 (13) |
| None, baseline | 48 (100) | 27 (25) | 8 (31) | 5 (16) |
| None, follow-up | 32 (100) | n/a | 1 (4) | 1 (3) |
Abbreviations: IQ = intelligence quotient; YMRS=Young Mania Rating Scale; MADRS=Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; ADHD=attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Some patients were receiving more than one medication
Significant difference from healthy subjects, t(154)=4.7, p<.0001.
Significant difference from healthy subjects, t(154)=30.9, p<.0001.
Significant difference from healthy subjects, t(154)=10.4, p<.0001.
Significant difference from healthy subjects, χ2(1)=20.4, p<.0001.
Significant difference from healthy subjects, χ2(1)=24.8, p<.0001.
Significant difference from healthy subjects, χ2(1)=26.41, p<.0001.
Significant difference from remaining bipolar subjects, t(106)=2.2, p=.03.
Mean YMRS score when depressed, significant change from baseline, t(25)=9.1, p<.0001.
Significant difference from remaining manic subjects, t(106)=3.4, p=.0009.
Mean MADRS score when depressed, nonsignificant change from baseline, t(25)=1.9, p=.065.
Mean YMRS score when euthymic; significant change from baseline, t(30)=32.2, p<.0001.
Mean MADRS score when euthymic; significant change from baseline, t(30)=6.7, p<.0001.
Significant difference from remaining bipolar subjects, χ2(1)=4.8, p=.03.
Significant difference from remaining bipolar subjects, χ2(1)=7.8, p=.005.