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. 2010 Aug 19;6(8):e1001052. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001052

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

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Confocal immunofluorescent 3-D images of colon (400×) stained for HAM56 (macrophages; green), E. coli (red) and DAPI (nuclei; blue) showing the progressive decrease in the fraction of microbial products (E. coli, red) internalized by macrophages (green, highlighted by white arrows), and an increase in the proportion that were not cell associated with progressively more severe SIV infection. For specimens obtained from animals with later stages of infection, the presence of abundant HAM56+ macrophages (green) without internalized E. coli constituents (red) (highlighted by white arrow heads), despite extensive E. coli constituents present in the LP near macrophages, suggests that macrophages in chronic SIV⁺ RMs become less able to efficiently clear microbial products translocated into the LP. Rare microbial constituents are present in SIV-uninfected RMs but are virtually always found within macrophages. Scale bars = 40 µm.