Table 3.

Relationships of eGFR with annualized healthcare charges by multivariate linear regression in the full study sample (n = 1913)^a

Variables	Parameter Estimate ($ per year [SEM])b	P	Parameter Estimate ($ per year [SEM])c	P
Total Charges
Intercept	−5886 (8537)	0.49	3197 (8266)	0.70
Age (per year)	579 (174)	0.0009	301 (170)	0.08
Male gender	−107 (4134)	0.98	−2271 (3988)	0.57
eGFR
>90 ml/min level	reference		reference
61 to 90 ml/min level	1866 (5656)	0.74	3556 (5456)	0.51
31 to 60 ml/min level	7590 (6087)	0.21	7738 (5869)	0.19
Per ml/min ≤30	5435 (449)	<0.0001	5316 (433)	<0.0001
Diabetes mellitus	—	—	27,847 (9292)	0.0028
Cardiovascular disease	—	—	188,220 (15847)	<0.0001
Diabetes–cardiovascular disease interaction	—	—	−185,935 (29767)	<0.0001
Total Medical Charges
Intercept	−6228 (8551)	0.47	2791 (8281)	0.74
Age (per year)	547 (174)	0.0017	273 (170)	0.11
Male gender	−865 (4162)	0.84	−2981 (4015)	0.46
eGFR
>90 ml/min level	reference		reference
61 to 90 ml/min level	2067 (5676)	0.72	3702 (5476)	0.50
31 to 60 ml/min level	6292 (6096)	0.30	6346 (5878)	0.28
Per ml/min ≤30	5332 (448)	<0.0001	5215 (433)	<0.0001
Diabetes mellitus	—	—	25,104 (9265)	0.007
Cardiovascular disease	—	—	186,664 (15797)	<0.0001
Diabetes–cardiovascular disease interaction	—	—	−184,495 (29667)	<0.0001
Inpatient Charges
Intercept	−3465 (27799)	0.90	17,240 (26967)	0.52
Age (per year)	1437 (520)	0.006	998 (517)	0.05
Male gender	−4782 (14202)	0.74	−10,690 (13628)	0.43
eGFR
>90 ml/min level	reference		reference
61 to 90 ml/min level	1262 (20653)	0.95	680 (19776)	0.97
31 to 60 ml/min level	−5328 (20169)	0.79	−11,895 (19331)	0.54
Per ml/min <30	783 (1164)	0.50	563 (1114)	0.61
Diabetes mellitus	—	—	−18,965 (24284)	0.44
Cardiovascular disease	—	—	176,913 (30285)	<0.0001
Diabetes–cardiovascular disease interaction	—	—	−193,981 (53821)	0.0004
Outpatient Pharmacy Charges
Intercept	542 (712)	0.45	674 (714)	0.35
Age (per year)	41 (15)	0.0045	35 (15)	0.02
Male gender	581 (343)	0.09	566 (343)	0.10
eGFR
>90 ml/min level	reference		reference
61 to 90 ml/min level	18 (472)	0.97	37 (471)	0.94
31 to 60 ml/min level	1491 (502)	0.003	1514 (501)	0.003
Per ml/min ≤30	119 (37)	0.001	118 (36)	0.001
Diabetes mellitus	—	—	2484 (789)	0.002
Cardiovascular disease	—	—	1066 (1341)	0.43
Diabetes–cardiovascular disease interaction	—	—	−1514 (2464)	0.54

^aCharges were adjusted to the $2008 medical component of the Consumer Price Index.

^bRegression model among the full sample, excluding parameters for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

^cRegression model among the full sample, including parameters for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.