Table 1.
Summary of studies that reported on the association between cigarette smoking and melanoma
| Author (Year) | Location | Number melanoma cases | Number of controls/subjects | OR or RR1 (95% CI) | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort Studies | |||||
| Veierod (1997) | Norway (registry-based) | 108 | 50,757 total cohort (Norwegian National Health Screening) | Former: 0.9 (0.5–1.4) Curr <10/d: 0.6 (0.4–1.1) Curr >10/d: 0.7(0.4–1.4) |
Age, sex, county of residence |
| Freedman (2003) | USA | 140 | 68,588 total cohort Radiologic Technologists Study | Former: 0.9 (0.7–1.3) Current: 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
Age, sex, skin color, hair color, history of NMSC, residential history, sunlight exposure (proxy), alcohol, education |
| Odenbro (2007) | Sweden | 1639 | 339,802 total cohort of male construction workers | Former: 0.8 (0.7–0.9) Current: 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
Age, birth cohort, BMI, UV exposure(based on job task) |
| Case-Control Studies | |||||
| Williams (1977) | USA | Not stated | 7,518 controls with other cancers | Males: 1.1, 0.4, 0.52 Females:1.1, 0.4, 0.92 |
Age, race, education, income, geographic location |
| Paffenbarger (1978) | USA (Harvard alumni) | 45 deaths | 180 controls | Ever: 1.4 (p= 0.4) >10 per day: 0.8 (p= 0.7) |
Age |
| Green (1986) | Australia (Queensland) | 183 | 236 controls matched by age, sex residence | Low: 0.7 (0.2–2.1) Med: 0.8 (0.3–2.4) High: 1.3 (0.3–5.0) |
Age, sex, residence location; skin type, lifetime sun exposure |
| Osterlind (1988) | Denmark | 474 (registry) | 926 controls(population-based) | Former:1.0 (0.7–1.3) Current: 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
Uncertain |
| Siemiatycki (1995) | Canada (Montreal) | 103 (all men) | 533 controls(population-based) | Ever: 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | Age, race, socioeconomic status, selected dietary factors |
| Westerdahl (1996) | Sweden | 327 (registry) | 519 controls matched by sex, age, residence(population-based) | Former: 1.0 (0.3–3.5) Current: 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
Age, sex, residence location, hair color, nevi, sunburn history |
| De Hertog (2001) | Netherlands | 125 | 396 controls(hospital-based) | Smokers: 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | Age, sex, cumulative sun exposure |
| Shors (2001) | USA (Washington) | 386 (registry) | 727 controls(population-based) | Former: 0.8 (0.6–1.1) Current: 0.6 (0.4–0.8) |
Age, sex |
1
Compared to referent category of never smokers = 1.0.
2
Odds ratios for three categories of increasing levels of cigarette use.