Table 2.

Hypothesised determinants and observed effects on psychological distress in 527 children aged 12–18 years.

				Effect on psychosocial distress
				Test for difference
Effects of orphanhood	Information source	Number	Percentage (%)	Coeff	95% CI	P-value
Immediate effects
Trauma - death in household	Caregiver	312	59	0.10	0.02–0.18	0.014
Trauma - illness in household	Caregiver	266	50	0.10	0.03–0.18	0.010
Stigma and discrimination	Child	29	6	0.41	0.27–0.56	<0.001
Relocation	Child and caregiver	56	11	0.10	− 0.03–0.22	0.121
Residence in poorest quintile of households	Caregiver	178	34	0.00	− 0.08–0.08	0.988
Less closely related caregiver (non-parent)	Child and caregiver	360	68	0.04	− 0.04–0.12	0.327
Intermediate effects
Inadequate care	Child and caregiver	417	79	0.24	0.14–0.35	<0.001
Not enrolled in school	Child	76	14	0.26	0.14–0.38	<0.001
Inconsistent parenting	Child and caregiver	86	16	− 0.02	− 0.12–0.09	0.774
Child labour	Child	172	33	0.19	0.10–0.27	<0.001
Physical abuse	Child	75	14	0.27	0.17–0.38	<0.001
Sibling separation	Caregiver	102	19	− 0.08	− 0.19–0.02	0.114
Mitigating factors
Household received external support	Caregiver	196	37	0.03	− 0.05–0.11	0.498