Table 3.

Multivariate Poisson regression tests for experiences on the causal pathway between orphanhood and psychological distress, by form of orphanhood, in children aged 12–18 years.

	Orphans (444)		Double orphans (185)		Maternal orphans (109)		Paternal orphans (150)
	Test for difference		Test for difference		Test for difference		Test for difference
Model/effects of orphanhood	Coeff	P-value	Coeff	P-value	Coeff	P-value	Coeff	P-value
Sex- and age-adjusted model	0.15	0.013	0.13	0.040	0.08	0.245	0.21	0.001
Full multivariate model	0.07	0.339	-0.04	0.712	-0.02	0.873	0.17	0.044
Immediate effects
Trauma – death in household	0.10	0.040	0.11	0.214	0.17	0.063	0.02	0.767
Trauma – illness in household	0.09	0.028	0.08	0.157	-0.02	0.837	0.22	0.001
Stigma and discrimination	0.26	<0.001	0.23	0.066	0.42	0.001	0.31	0.027
Relocation	0.10	0.151	0.14	0.167	0.17	0.192	-0.07	0.636
Residence in poorest quintile of households	-0.08	0.090	-0.01	0.928	-0.20	0.011	-0.05	0.432
Less closely related caregiver (non-parent)	0.09	0.046	-	-	0.02	0.842	0.11	0.137
Intermediate effects
Inadequate care	0.19	0.001	0.23	0.007	0.30	0.001	0.14	0.110
Not enrolled in school	0.17	0.009	0.24	0.009	-0.03	0.808	0.16	0.089
Inconsistent parenting	-0.03	0.611	-0.08	0.249	0.11	0.345	0.19	0.207
Child labour	0.13	0.006	0.16	0.015	0.14	0.122	0.13	0.061
Physical abuse	0.21	<0.001	0.20	0.010	0.22	0.026	0.34	<0.001
Sibling separation	-0.11	0.044	0.00	0.963	-0.24	0.018	-0.04	0.711
Mitigating factors
Household received external support	0.00	0.994	0.16	0.017	-0.13	0.140	0.17	0.044

Note: Bold values signify statistically significant at p <0.1 level.