Table 3.
Orphans (444) |
Double orphans (185) |
Maternal orphans (109) |
Paternal orphans (150) |
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Test for difference |
Test for difference |
Test for difference |
Test for difference |
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Model/effects of orphanhood | Coeff | P-value | Coeff | P-value | Coeff | P-value | Coeff | P-value |
Sex- and age-adjusted model | 0.15 | 0.013 | 0.13 | 0.040 | 0.08 | 0.245 | 0.21 | 0.001 |
Full multivariate model | 0.07 | 0.339 | -0.04 | 0.712 | -0.02 | 0.873 | 0.17 | 0.044 |
Immediate effects | ||||||||
Trauma – death in household | 0.10 | 0.040 | 0.11 | 0.214 | 0.17 | 0.063 | 0.02 | 0.767 |
Trauma – illness in household | 0.09 | 0.028 | 0.08 | 0.157 | -0.02 | 0.837 | 0.22 | 0.001 |
Stigma and discrimination | 0.26 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.066 | 0.42 | 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.027 |
Relocation | 0.10 | 0.151 | 0.14 | 0.167 | 0.17 | 0.192 | -0.07 | 0.636 |
Residence in poorest quintile of households | -0.08 | 0.090 | -0.01 | 0.928 | -0.20 | 0.011 | -0.05 | 0.432 |
Less closely related caregiver (non-parent) | 0.09 | 0.046 | - | - | 0.02 | 0.842 | 0.11 | 0.137 |
Intermediate effects | ||||||||
Inadequate care | 0.19 | 0.001 | 0.23 | 0.007 | 0.30 | 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.110 |
Not enrolled in school | 0.17 | 0.009 | 0.24 | 0.009 | -0.03 | 0.808 | 0.16 | 0.089 |
Inconsistent parenting | -0.03 | 0.611 | -0.08 | 0.249 | 0.11 | 0.345 | 0.19 | 0.207 |
Child labour | 0.13 | 0.006 | 0.16 | 0.015 | 0.14 | 0.122 | 0.13 | 0.061 |
Physical abuse | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.20 | 0.010 | 0.22 | 0.026 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
Sibling separation | -0.11 | 0.044 | 0.00 | 0.963 | -0.24 | 0.018 | -0.04 | 0.711 |
Mitigating factors | ||||||||
Household received external support | 0.00 | 0.994 | 0.16 | 0.017 | -0.13 | 0.140 | 0.17 | 0.044 |
Note: Bold values signify statistically significant at p <0.1 level.