Table 2.
Study cancer screening rates and intraclass correlation estimates*
| Site | Group | Method | Outcome | Rate, % | Number of groups | Average No. of members per group | Model1† ICC | Model2† ICC | Model3† ICC | Study |
| Breast | Clinic | CA | Ever screened | 88.4 | 7 | 113 | .0009 | .0006 | — | (14) |
| Breast | Clinic | CA | Screened 6-mo post intervention | 43.9 | 7 | 113 | .0939 | .0912 | — | (14) |
| Breast | Clinic | CA | Screened within guidelines | 35.7 | 25 | 18 | .1444 | .1376 | .1418 | (15) |
| Breast | Clinic | CA | Ever screened | 67.4 | 25 | 18 | .2166 | .2139 | .2149 | (15) |
| Breast | Clinic | CA | Screened during 18-mo intervention period | 62.9 | 10 | 130 | .0047 | .0050‡ | .0034 | (16) |
| Breast | Clinic | CA | Screened within guidelines | 70.0 | 31 | 240 | .0359 | .0351‡ | — | (21,22) |
| Breast | Clinic | CA | Screened one or more times during 2-y period | 64.1 | 33 | 1093 | .0074 | — | .0065 | (17,18) |
| Breast | Clinic | SR | Screened within guidelines | 74.5 | 4 | 215 | .0011 | −.0039 | −.0009 | (6) |
| Breast | Clinic | SR | Screened within guidelines | 68.5 | 25 | 18 | .0449 | .0567 | .0623 | (15) |
| Breast | Clinic | SR | Ever screened | 95.1 | 25 | 18 | .0006 | −.0050 | −.0052 | (15) |
| Breast | Community | SR | Screened within guidelines | 65.0 | 8 | 200 | .0694 | .0518§ | .0053§ | (20) |
| Breast | Community | SR | Screened within guidelines (follow-up) | 66.5 | 8 | 202 | .0281 | .0236§ | −.0008§ | (20) |
| Breast | Community | SR | Ever screened | 75.5 | 8 | 200 | .1080 | .0798§ | .0019§ | (20) |
| Breast | Community | SR | Ever screened (follow-up) | 81.5 | 8 | 202 | .0607 | .0565§ | .0028§ | (20) |
| Breast | Community | SR | Screened three or more times in 5 y | 42.5 | 8 | 200 | .0744 | .0668§ | .0176§ | (20) |
| Breast | Community | SR | Screened three or more times in 5 y (follow-up) | 46.0 | 8 | 202 | .0292 | .0276§ | −.0009§ | (20) |
| Breast | Physician | CA | Screened one or more times during 2-y period | 64.1 | 373 | 100 | .0089 | — | .0077 | (17,18) |
| Cervical | Clinic | CA | Screened during 18-mo intervention period | 74.1 | 10 | 130 | .0253 | .0323‡ | .0253 | (16) |
| Cervical | Clinic | CA | Screened within guidelines | 53.0 | 31 | 240 | .0429 | .0417‡ | — | (21,22) |
| Cervical | Clinic | CA | Screened within guidelines | 67.6 | 14 | 41 | .0624 | .0426 | .0254 | (5) |
| Cervical | Clinic | SR | Screened within guidelines | 53.6 | 4 | 215 | .00001 | −.0023 | −.0011 | (6) |
| Cervical | Community | SR | Screened within guidelines | 76.4 | 8 | 200 | .1911 | .1528§ | .0136§ | (20) |
| Cervical | Community | SR | Screened within guidelines (follow-up) | 80.6 | 8 | 202 | .1001 | .0675§ | .0022§ | (20) |
| Cervical | Community | SR | Ever screened | 89.3 | 8 | 200 | .2920 | .2472§ | .0295§ | (20) |
| Cervical | Community | SR | Ever screened (follow-up) | 91.8 | 8 | 202 | .1772 | .1315§ | .0044§ | (20) |
| Cervical | Region | CA | Screened within guidelines | 67.6 | 4 | 143 | .0309 | .0203 | .0119 | (5) |
| Colon | City | CA | Screened within guidelines | 50.5 | 11 | 83 | .0349 | .0328 | .0195 | (3) |
| Colon | Clinic | CA | Screened within guidelines | 54.0 | 31 | 240 | .0449 | .0453‡ | — | (21,22) |
| Colon | Clinic | CA | Screened during 2-y period | 34.0 | 34 | 1383 | .0100 | — | .0075 | (17,18) |
| Colon | Clinic | CA | Screened within guidelines | 49.0 | 25 | 21 | .046 | .0415 | .0426 | (15) |
| Colon | Clinic | CA | Ever screened | 55.4 | 25 | 21 | .0961 | .0881 | .0911 | (15) |
| Colon | Clinic | CA | Screened up to date (follow-up) | 36.3 | 10 | 130 | .0157 | .0187‡ | .0141 | (16) |
| Colon | Clinic | SR | Screened within guidelines | 67.4 | 25 | 21 | .0005 | −.0055 | −.0038 | (15) |
| Colon | Clinic | SR | Ever screened | 77.3 | 25 | 21 | .0214 | .0132 | .0091 | (15) |
| Colon | County | SR | Screening within guidelines (any modality) | 62.4 | 58 | 339 | .0074 | .0052§ | .0031§ | S. Shariff-Marco‖ |
| Colon | County | SR | Screening within guidelines (flexible sigmoidoscopy) | 25.6 | 58 | 171 | .0314 | .0254§ | .0117§ | S. Shariff-Marco‖ |
| Colon | MSSA | SR | Screening within guidelines (any modality) | 62.4 | 534 | 39 | .0158 | .0113§ | .0058§ | S. Shariff-Marco‖ |
| Colon | MSSA | SR | Screening within guidelines (flexible sigmoidoscopy) | 25.6 | 525 | 20 | .0355 | .0268§ | .0212§ | S. Shariff-Marco‖ |
| Colon | Physician | CA | Screened within guidelines | 29.8 | 65 | 62 | .1814 | .1810‡ | — | M. Dignan‖ |
| Colon | Physician | CA | Screened within guidelines (follow-up) | 30.9 | 63 | 59 | .1254 | .1255‡ | — | M. Dignan‖ |
| Colon | Physician | CA | Ever screened | 28.9 | 65 | 60 | .1010 | .0979‡ | — | M. Dignan‖ |
| Colon | Physician | CA | Ever screened (follow-up) | 32.2 | 63 | 58 | .1339 | .1335‡ | — | M. Dignan‖ |
| Colon | Physician | CA | Screened during 2-y period | 34.0 | 392 | 124 | .0184 | — | .0172 | (17,18) |
| Colon | Region | CA | Screened within guidelines | 50.5 | 4 | 229 | .0265 | .0242 | .0147 | (3) |
| Colon | VA Station | CA | Screened within guidelines | 69.8 | 239 | 130 | .1166 | .1153‡ | .1175 | (23) |
| Prostate | Clinic | CA | Screened one or more times during 2-y period | 34.2 | 30 | 1131 | .0326 | — | .0329 | (17,18) |
| Prostate | Clinic | CA | Screened within guidelines | 35.5 | 25 | 12 | −.0151 | −.0132 | −.0134 | (15) |
| Prostate | Clinic | CA | Ever screened | 57.2 | 25 | 12 | .1181 | .1162 | .1061 | (15) |
| Prostate | Clinic | SR | Screened within guidelines | 59.9 | 25 | 12 | .0139 | −.0114 | −.0116 | (15) |
| Prostate | Clinic | SR | Ever screened | 78.4 | 25 | 12 | .0203 | .0077 | −.0035 | (15) |
| Prostate | Physician | CA | Screened one or more times during 2-y period | 34.2 | 345 | 101 | .0954 | — | .0967 | (17,18) |
*
All estimates are from baseline data unless otherwise noted. CA = chart audit; MSSA = Medical Service Study Area; SR = self-report; VA = Veterans Affairs.
†
Model 1: unadjusted ICC; model 2: ICC adjusted for age and education; model 3: ICC adjusted for age, education, and other covariates.
‡
Only age adjusted.
§
Age adjusted as a categorical covariate.
‖
Unpublished data.