Table 1.
Gingipains are essential virulence factor of P. gingivalis indispensable for pathological outcome of experimental infection.
| Type of study | Experimental model | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immunization with a peptide domain of Rgp | Murine subcutaneous chamber model | Immunization confers immunity to P. gingivalis infection | (39) |
| Intradermal immunization with plasmid DNA carrying rgpA | Murine skin abscess model | Induction of protective immunity to an invasive P. gingivalis W50 challenge | (234) |
| Immunization with RgpA-Kgp complex and repeat motifs in the hemagglutinin-adhesin domain | Murine skin abscess model | Induction of protective immunity against challenge with invasive and non-invasive strains of P. gingivalis | (141) |
| Immunization with plasmids DNA carrying coding sequence of the Kgp and Rgp catalytic domains | Mice intraperitoneal inoculation model | Vaccination prevented inflammatory response and prolonged the survival rate of immunized animals | (104) |
| Immunization with RgpA | Murine periodontitis model | Prevention of P. gingivalis-induced oral bone loss | (44) |
| Immunization with the RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complex | Rat periodontitis model | Protection against P. gingivalis colonization and periodontal bone loss | (176) |
| Immunization with wild type P. gingivalis gingipain-deficient mutants and re-infection | Murine skin abscess model | Protection against re-infection elicited by the wild-type strains devoid of gingipains | (232) |
| Immunization with selected functional gingipain-derived domains including the adhesin binding motifs (ABMs) and the proteases' active sites | Murine periodontitis model | Protection against periodontal bone loss was associated with ABM2 sequence: EGLATATTFEEDGVA: ABM3: GTPNPNPNPNPNP NPGT; and the active sites sequence | (142) |
| Immunization with plasmid carrying coding sequence of rgpA | Murine skin abscess model | Reduced lethality in the rgpA DNA vaccine-immunized mice | (235) |
| Immunization with gingipain complexes | Murine skin abscess model | Immunization with detergent extracted gingipain complex elicited a better protective response than other methods of gingipain extraction | (163) |
| Inoculation with individual gingipain-deficient isogenic mutants in W50 background | Murine skin abscess model | Gingipain-deficient strains have severely attenuated virulence in the following order: Kgp≫RgpB≥RgpA | (140) |
| Mixed infection of Tannerella forsythia and P. gingivalis strains, including gingipain deficient mutants | Murine skin abscess model | Gingipains are important in a synergistic effect of mixed infection. | (231) |
| Inoculation with individual gingipain-deficient isogenic P. gingivalis W50 mutants | Murine periodontitis model | Kgp and RgpB but not RgpA are important for P. gingivalis induced bone loss. The gingipains contribute to the virulence of P. gingivalis in following order: Kgp≥RgpB≫RgpA | (161) |
| Pretreatment of P. gingivalis W50 with Rgp-specific inhibitor | Murine subcutaneous chamber model | Inactivation of Rgp attenuates virulence | (40) |
| The abdominal and the nasal cavity immunization with rgpA DNA vaccine | Murine periodontitis model | Immunization via the nasal cavity effectively prevented alveolar bone loos | (125) |
| Inoculation with individual gingipain-deficient isogenic P. gingivalis W50 mutants and pretreatment with Kgp-specific inhibitor | Murine abscess model | Decreased virulence of Kgp-deficient strain in comparison to the parental strain and a significant reduction in virulence induced by inhibitor pretreatment. | (25) |
| Inoculation of (i) bacteria alone, (ii) simultaneously with inhibitor (leupeptin) and (iii) administration of leupeptin 6 weeks after bacteria inoculation | Ligature-induced gingivitis in rats | Leupeptin inhibited P. gingivalis-induced gingivitis when leupeptin was administrated 6 weeks after bacteria inoculation | (98) |
| Passive immunization of human subjects | Gel containing anti-gingipains egg yolk Abs (IgY-GP) was applied into periodontal pockets | IgY-GP treated group had reduced level of P. gingivalis, showed significant reduction in probing depth and decreased bleeding on probing in comparison to the control group | (230) |