Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Periodontol 2000. 2010 Oct;54(1):15–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x

Table 3.

Protease activated receptors (PAR) targeted by gingipains and the consequence of their activation

Targeted cells Targeted PAR / gingipain Response to PAR signaling Pathophysiological consequence Ref.
Neutrophils PAR-2 Rgp Increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration Neutrophil activation (112)
Osteoblasts PAR-2 Rgp Increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration Activation of osteoblast-mediated osteoclastic bone resorption (2)
Platelets PAR-1, -4 RgpA, RgpB Platelets aggregation A putative link between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (114)
Oral epithelial cells PAR-1, -2 Stimulation of interleukin-6 expression Inflammatory events associated with periodontal disease (113)
Platelets PARs Rgp enriched vesicles Platelets aggregation As above (166)
Pulp cells PAR-2 RgpB Induced expression of neuropeptides: calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) A putative link between periodontitis and pulp inflammation (217)
Gingival fibroblasts PAR-1, -2 Rgp Induced expression of hepatocyte growth factor Effect on both inflammatory and tissue reparative processes (220)
Rat kidney epithelial cells PAR-2 P. gingivalis culture supernatants Ca2+ mobilization (61)
Keratinocytes PAR-1, -2 Rgp Up-regulation of HIV-1 co receptor CCR5 Promotion of HIV infection of oral keratinocytes (43)
Oral epithelial cells PAR-2 Rgp Induced expression of human β-defensins-2 and CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) Enhancement of mucosal antibacterial defense (31)
T cells PAR-1, -2, -4 RgpA Induced expression of CD25 and CD65 T cell activation (237)
Vascular endothelial cells PAR RgpA Weibel-Palade body exocytosis, enhanced production of interleukin-8 in response to lipopolysaccharide Enhanced proinflammatory responses to P. gingivalis (76)
Oral epithelial cells PAR-1, -2 Rgp, Kgp RgpB upregulate while Kgp and RgpA downregulate interleukin-8 expression Attenuation of neutrophils migration and sustained chronic inflammation (221)
Monocytic THP-1 cells PARs Rgp, Kgp Up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) Synergistic effect of PAR-dependent and PAMPs receptor (Toll-like receptors or NOD1/2) signaling resulting in enhancement of mucosal antibacterial defense (219)
ST2 mouse stromal cells and calvarial osteoblasts PAR P. gingivalis cells Proinflammatory responses independent of the Toll-like receptor/MyD88 pathway Pathogen recognition: enhancement of mucosal antibacterial defense (148)
Platelets PARs Rgps Platelet sensitization to aggregation by the stress hormone epinephrine Mechanistic explanation of a direct connection between periodontitis and stress (139)
Human oral keretinocytes PAR-1, -2 P. gingivalis cells PAR-1 cleavage by Rgps mediated up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) Osteoclasts differentiation and alveolar bone resorption (42)