Table 1.

Characteristics of subjects (n = 102)

Characteristic	n	%
Age (years)
<33	51	50.0
≥33	51	50.0
Ethnicity
Malay	98	96.1
Other*	4	3.9
Education †
Primary	21	20.6
Lower secondary	46	45.1
Higher secondary or higher	35	34.3
Marital status
Not married‡	83	81.4
Married	19	18.6
Living arrangement prior to incarceration
With family	89	87.3
Other§	13	12.7
Previous incarcerations
None	25	24.5
Any	77	75.5
Previous detentions in rehabilitation centre
None	47	46.1
Any	55	53.9
Family visits during incarceration
No	25	24.5
Yes	77	75.5
Provided care for someone living with HIV/AIDS
No	59	57.8
Yes	43	42.2
Knew someone close who died of AIDS
No	35	34.3
Yes	67	65.7
Ever prescribed antiretroviral medications
No	100	98.0
Yes	2	2.0
Number of HIV-related symptoms (median = 7)**
Low	50	49.0
High	52	51.0
Opioid-dependent
No	19	18.6
Yes	83	81.4
Total stigma score (median = 97) ††
Low	48	47.1
High	54	52.9
Personalized stigma subscale score (median = 42) ††
Low	41	40.2
High	61	59.8
Disclosure stigma subscale score (median = 26) ††
Low	43	42.2
High	59	57.8
Negative self-image stigma subscale score (median = 32) ††
Low	45	44.1
High	57	55.9
Public attitudes stigma subscale score (median = 48) ††
Low	50	49.0
High	52	51.0

^*Other = Indian, Chinese, mixed or other

^†Indicates highest level of education attained. Primary is up to Grade 6, lower secondary is up to Grade 9, higher secondary or higher is up to Grade 12 or university

^‡Not married = single, separated or widowed

^§Other = reported living alone, with friends, in a hostel or homeless/on the streets

^**Derived from the HIV Symptom Index

^††Derived from the Berger HIV Stigma Scale