Table 1.
Overview of studies reviewed (in alphabetical order)
| Study | Sample | Study Design | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adams, Soumerai, & Ross-Degnan, 2001a | 4439 Medicare beneficiaries with hypertension | national longitudinal survey (MCBS 1995); inferential statistic | Association between types of drug coverage, consumption & costs per tablet; Findings: income |
| Blustein, 1995a | 4110 female Medicare beneficiaries | probability survey based on multistage, stratified cluster sample of Medicare (MCBS 1991-1992); multiple inferential statistic | Use of mammography during first 2 years of Medicare offered benefit; Findings: income, education |
| Blustein, 2000b | 4334 Medicare beneficiaries with hypertension | nationally-representative face-to-face survey of Medicare; multiple inferential statistic | Sexual differences in burden for prescription drugs; Findings: sex |
| Chandra et al., 2007 | 70912 CalPers plan members | Panel of Medicare supplemental plan Members (CalPers 2000-2003); multiple inferential statistic | Influence & consequences of price elasticity in patient cost-sharing; Findings: income |
| Crystal, Johnson, Harman, Sambamoorthi, & Kumar, 2000b | 7886 Medicare beneficiaries | nationally representative survey of Medicare, stratified, multistage, area probability sample (MCBS 1995); multiple inferential statistic | Overview on size, distribution & burden of OOPP; Findings: income, education |
| Davis, Poisal, Chulis, Zarabozo, & Cooper, 1999a | 12.000 Medicare beneficiaries | Panel Survey (MCBS 1995); descriptive | Overview on sources & extent of drug coverage among Medicare beneficiaries; Findings: income |
| Dowd et al., 1994a | 2891 Medicare HMO & fee-for-service members | Survey; multiple inferential statistic | Characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries & influence on choice of health plan; Findings: income |
| Fahlman, Lynn, Doberman, Gabel, & Finch, 2006d | 4602 Medicare beneficiaries | Cross-sectional, retrospective review & 1990 Census data; multiple inferential statistic | Drug spending by disease & demographics in last year of life; Findings: income |
| Gellad, Huskamp, Phillips, & Haas, 2006a | 5596 Medicare beneficiaries | Panel Survey, nationally representative sample (MEPS-HC 1996-2000); multiple inferential statistic | Estimation of change of OOPP for drugs after Part D implementation; Findings: income |
| Goldman & Zissimopoulos, 2003b | 7836 Medicare beneficiaries | Cross sectional survey of 4th wave of Panel survey (HRS 1998); inferential statistic | Examination of OOPP health-care spending; Findings: income |
| Guidry, Aday, Zhang, & Winn, 1998b | 593 Texan cancer patients | analytical cross-sectional survey; inferential statistic | Prevalence of barriers to cancer treatment; Findings: income |
| Hwang, Weller, Ireys, & Anderson, 2001a | 22.326 patients with chronic condition | cross-sectional survey (MEPS 1996); descriptive | Impact of chronic condition & demographics on OOPP spending; Findings: sex |
| Klein, Turvey, & Wallace, 2004i | 6535 participants of AHEAD-study | cross-sectional study of 2nd wave of AHEAD study 1997; inferential statistic | Reasons for delay in medication use because of cost; Findings: income, sex |
| Lapsley, March, Tribe, Cross, & Brooks, 2001a | 113 patients with osteo-arthritis in Australia | prospective-cohort study; inferential statistic | OOPP expenditures related to osteo-arthritis; Findings: sex |
| McGarry & Schoeni, 2005b | 3821 >70 years old Americans (271 widowers, 3550 married) | national panel survey (2 Waves) (HRS); descriptive | Financial gap between widowed and married Elders; Findings: sex |
| Miller & Champion, 1993a | 161 women | convenience sample, mailed survey; inferential statistic | Relationship of patient's characteristics and mammography utilization; Findings: income, education |
| Mitchell, Mathews, Hunt, Cobb, & Watson, 2001a | 499 patients with at least one regular prescription medication | cross-sectional survey; mutliple inferential statistic | extent of mismanaging of prescription drugs among rural Elders; Findings: income |
| Mojtabai & Olfson, 2003c | 10.413 Medicare beneficiaries | cross-sectional (HRS 2000); multiple inferential statistic | Association between drug coverage & adherence; cost-related poor adherence & health outcomes; Findings: income |
| Ness, Cirillo, Weir, Nisly, & Wallace, 2005b | 1099 participants of HRS study | cross-sectional (HRS 2000); inferential statistic | Correlates of complementary & alternative medicine (CAM) utilization among Elders; Findings: sex |
| Pourat, Rice, Kominski, & Snyder, 2000d | 15.103 Medicare beneficiaries | cross-sectional (MCBS 1996); inferential statistic | Comparison of supplemental insurances to examine impact of socioeconomics; Findings: income, education |
| Rector & Venus, 2004a | 1500 Medicare+Choice plan beneficiaries | cross-sectional, random sample in eight Medicare+Choice Plans; inferential statistic | Influence of drug benefits on affordability for beneficiaries; Findings: income |
| Rice & Desmond, 2006e | 9278 Medicare beneficiaries | cross-sectional (SIPP 2001); descriptive | Number and characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries excluded from low-income subsidies because of failed asset test; Findings: education, sex |
| Riley, 2008b | 4000 Medicare beneficiaries at a time | panel 4 waves (MCBS 1992, 96, 2000, 04); inferential statistic | Trends in OOPP health-care costs for MediCare beneficiaries; Findings: income |
| Rogowski, Lillard, & Kington, 1997b | 996 Elders | cross-sectional (PSID 1990); multiple inferential statistic | Amount & influence of supplemental insurance on burden of prescription drug OOPP costs; Findings: income, education, sex |
| Sambamoorthi, Shea, & Crystal, 2003b | 8814 Medicare beneficiaries | cross-sectional (MCBS 1997); multiple inferential statistic | Total and OOPP burden for prescription drugs in relation to characteristics of elderly population; Findings: income, education |
| Saver, Doescher, Jackson, & Fishman, 2004d | 4492 Medicare+Choice enrollees | cross-sectional survey and administrative data from Medicare, 2000; multiple inferential statistic | Relationship between drug benefit status & access to medications + influence of income; Findings: income, education |
| Selden & Banthin, 2003b | 5733 (1987), 2549 (1996) >65 years old beneficiaries | stratified random samples (NMES 1987 and MPES 1996), longitudinal; descriptive | Amount health-care burden for Elders; Findings: income, sex |
| Soumerai et al., 2006a | 13.835 Medicare beneficiaries | stratified, multistage sample (MCBS 2004), cross-sectional; multiple inferential statistic | Prevalence of cost-related medication non-adherence prior to Medicare Part D; Findings: income |
| Wei, Akincigil, Crystal, & Sambamoorthi, 2006a | 76.440 person-years (30.375 beneficiaries) of Medicare beneficiaries | longitudinal (MCBS 1992-2000); multiple inferential statistic | Gender differences in OOPP expenditures & burden for medication; Findings: sex |