Table 4.
Overview of studies concerning SEX (in alphabetical order)
| Study | Key findings | Confounders controlled for |
|---|---|---|
| Blustein, 2000b | women > rather poor (26% below poverty line, men: 11%); less employed > less insurance coverage > higher OOPP (18% higher than men for drugs) | age, race, education, self-rated health status, insurance coverage |
| Fahlman, Lynn, Doberman, Gabel, & Finch, 2006d | women > higher OOPP in last year of life ($668 vs. $586) | race, income, Charlson Index, age, insurance type |
| Hwang, Weller, Ireys, & Anderson, 2001a | women > longer lifespan > higher probability of comorbidities > higher OOPP | none |
| Klein, Turvey, & Wallace, 2004i | women > higher OOPP > more cost-reducing strategies | none |
| Lapsley, March, Tribe, Cross, & Brooks, 2001a | women > higher OOPP for drugs & devices | none |
| McGarry & Schoeni, 2005b | women > longer lifespan > more widowhood; lowest income quartile (<$12.000): 70% of income spent in final two years for health-care (average: 30%); poverty rate: widows 17%, married Elders: 5% | none |
| Ness, Cirillo, Weir, Nisly, & Wallace, 2005b | women > more CAM utilization > higher OOPP | none |
| Rice & Desmond, 2006e | women > longer lifespan: partner dies > income plummets >heir above limit > no subsidies > old-age poverty; of 46% widowers failing asset test > 46% female | none |
| Rogowski, Lillard, & Kington, 1997b | women > equal expenditures, but higher burden (3.3% vs. 2.8%) | age, income, race, education, residential status, marital status, insurance coverage, health status |
| Sambamoorthi, Shea, & Crystal, 2003b | women > higher OOPP (over 10% of burden > women 9.4%, men 5.7%) | income, race, age, education, marital status, insurance coverage, self-rated health status, place of residence |
| Selden & Banthin, 2003b | women > higher burden (over 20% of burden 1987 (1996): 19.6% (19.8%), men: 12.7% (15.9%) | none |
| Wei, Akincigil, Crystal, & Sambamoorthi, 2006a | women > lower income, more utilization, higher absolute OOPP, higher burden; gender-specific illnesses > less generous benefits > higher OOPP | race, age, marital status, education, place of residence, poverty status, insurance coverage, health status |