Figure 4.

Top panel: Most errors occurred to incompatible trials, and error-preceding trials showed an increased frequency of compatible trials. Following errors, the probability of compatible/incompatible outcomes is equal (as it is across the entire experiment). Middle panel: Residual RTs were on average 11 ms faster in trials immediately prior to errors and were speeding by 2.5 ms per trial from −5 to −1. Post-error slowing of responses by 42 ms was observed and in subsequent trials sustained slowing on the order of 15 ms was present. Bottom panel: The residual amplitude at the N2 latency was less negative in trials prior to errors and a trend was present across the five error-preceding trials. Following errors, N2 estimates returned to baseline. Note that, in contradistinction to Figure 3, conflict-related N2 modulations as well as the error-related amplitude increase equivalent to the ERN/N2 have been removed by multiple linear regression.